Relationship Between Satisfaction with Life To Social Network Size Essay

Abstract     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dilemma in society are how to pursue pleasure or a source of happiness. The effect that society has on a individual leaves them oblivious to the source of gratitude. Simple acts of kindness are akin to the source of what people find most important.   The data that was used to answers the personal questions that were designed to determine the statistical source of the personality type.   The attributes of a personality type that contribute to the situation are statistically proven. The personality types that become involved with others individuals find themselves in a similar situation.   The relevance of the importance topic pertains to the effect on the individuals and those that they involve.   The information will help develop the future behavior that is attributed to kindness. Research that could have an effect on the ability to continue with the conscious habits of appreciation.   The natural tendencies of people as they seek satisfaction in life should always be aware of how their surroundings affect their neighbors. Statement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The personality types that are inclined to be involved in efforts that are for the greater good.   The studies that have tract the ability of a mind and its efforts to involve the humanitarian efforts through conscious efforts or non- conscious habits.   The ideology that is strived for as the various mindsets that are guided in the practicality of gratitude, in every facet of existence.   There are different mindset that are attributed to their expected outcome of a situation.   It has been studied that there are few rational that can explain the motivations of an individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every individual can be categorized as their physical descriptions eliminate the possibilities.   The methods that are used to determine the psychological profile of the individual also is categorically determined.   The determination of the personality types is commonly referred to as the Big Five.   This offer the determination of the extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism.   These characteristics that are used to determine the tendencies of an individual are often seen in their persona or attitude.   Every individual was aware of their participation and the data that was to be collected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research that has been accumulated has a further understanding of the motivation that allows others to be assisted   by their physical determinations. The further science can be explained as to the reasons of or what creates gratitude, the quicker a mind can be assisted in realizing another perspective.   At the conclusion of a study the   participants were realizing that their behaviors were measured only for data; however, the conscious decision to include this new behavior in their own life is a personal choice. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The objectives that have been stated throughout the research was to determine the reasons for gratitude and the motivation that leads one to involve it in their lifestyle.   A publication by Health Psychology was used to determine the scale of dispositional optimism. The efforts that are needed in society can be developed by having the conscious mindset that is conducive to the philanthropic contribution.   Those that seek the emotional effect that it has on their life is directly linked to the gratitude that they exhort in common situations. The recent efforts to examine the problems that are linked to the lack of social awareness or concerns that are a direct correlation to the efforts of any individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The triangulation of the tendencies that are to be a desired behavior in society and its resulting actions.   The surveys that was conducted in 1985, pertained to life’s orientation of how it was used to determine the optimism and expectancy.(SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) Questionnaire was regularly   handed out in efforts to ascertain the need of self consciousness.   The health concerns that related to the survey were between the related theories and the orientation of the scale. The different tests have been previously designed by other psychologists.   The most important test was the designed by Saucer.   It is used to determine the psychological scale known as the Big 5. It categorizes the personality types such as extrovert or introverts and their interactions.   This enabled the team of Belk and Richin to use their materialism tests to determine the scale.   The Belk version is used to measure the pro-sociality and the levels of gratitude.  Ã‚   It assists in determining the life satisfaction, envy, perspective- taking, and spiritual transcendence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Similar in design; however, the Richin material test is used calculate the success and happiness.   McCollogh published an article in 2001 that proposed several directions for future research on gratitude that included psychometrics.   The effect of gratitude has motivated the returning of the act.   It presented several issues that had to be answered.   Others that contributed to the research were P.C. Ellsworht and C.A. Smith.   The article- Shades of Joy: Patterns of Appraisal- differentiate pleasant emotions shared in their research that the adjective of loving, grateful, friendly, and admirer had a structure that was a trifold cluster of the satisfaction of the senses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The remaining data that had to be contributed was primarily used to support the research that already been completed.   Butler’s research, 3 studies in 4 years, were all pertaining to the structural equation stated that the one factor solution for the six retaining items were assessed.   It was used to determine the statistics of processing that information in a standardized square. Increasing the likelihood of finding the adequate parameters.   Those various tests were designed to determine the accurate measurement.   The variable tests that are used to compile the data. Thus the information that has been processed through those test is accurate enough to determine the weaknesses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concerning that are the three psychological domains are : 1) emotional as the primary concern is the well being   2)social interaction  Ã‚   3)spirituality and religion , all of these have a direct influence into the development of gratitude.   (McCullough et al., 4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those that involve themselves have a mentality more empathetic, forgiving, helpful, and supportive.   All those characteristics are trademarks of a productive individual or a conducive environment.   The emotions that one feels is often due to the requirement of those that the individual surrounds themselves.   The people that are noticed by their gaps in their emotional well being are those that need to be aware of their social and spiritual priorities.   According Emmons and Tsung, the trait that are classified by the Big Five (John, Donahue, & Kentle, 1991) can be categorized as an individual that is grateful as more extraverted, more agreeable, and less neurotic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The gratefulness as the generic term is applied to many aspects of the mind.   Emotions, disposition, and attributes of an individual all contribute to the person’s willingness or non-conscious efforts in what is considered volunteer work.   The compassion that is conducive to many of the situations that are needed for others to appreciate what is accomplished.   The premise or higher ideology is considered spiritual. Methods   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those that were involved in developing the study were following the guidelines that are designed to keep the data resources non bias. The participants were 91 students, 23 male (25.3%), 68 female (74.7%) enrolled in Research Method in Psychology class at the California State University, Fullerton. The demographics were reflective of the populous and the involvement was voluntary. These participants range from 19 years old to 46 years old. The demographics are categorized in the Table 1.   The second study involved 1228 adult volunteers. The majority were women and almost 90% were Caucasian. All of these participants were involved with spirituality and health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To conduct this research participants were ask to complete a questionnaire, which was used to determine demographics and how it affected the tests, PANAS (Watson, Clark, Tellegen), Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky, Lepper), Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, Griffin), Gratitude questionnaire (McCullough, Emmons), Tendency to Forgive Scale (Brown), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg), Life Orientation Test (Scheier), Lubben Social Network Scale (Lubben) and Big Five Inventory Scale (John, Donahue, Kentle). Each participant received a questionnaire that had a description of the study and instructions. The participants were asked to provide some cursory information indicating their gender, age, level of education, and language preference. The PANAS was designed so that the individuals words would describe their different feelings and emotions. The participants were asked to indicate to what extent they have felt each feeling or emotion listed in the past two weeks at the time of the survey. A scale of 1-5 (very slightly or not at all, a little, moderately, quite a bit, extremely) was used to record their answers. The Subjective Happiness   and Satisfaction Life Scale consists of questions to rate how happy the participants perceive themselves to be on a sliding scale.  Ã‚   The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a measure of life’s satisfactions and how they developed by Ed Diener and colleagues (Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985). Life satisfaction is one factor that is more of a general construct than a subject that pertains to well being. Theory and research from fields outside of rehabilitation have suggested that subjective well being has at least three components, positive affective appraisal, negative affective appraisal, and life satisfaction. Life satisfaction is distinguished from affective appraisal in that it is more cognitively than emotionally driven. Life satisfaction can be assessed specific to a particular domain of life or globally. The SWLS is a global measure of life satisfaction (Corrigan, 2000). The Life Orientation Test rates how optimistic or pessimistic the participants are in the Lubben social networking which consists of similarly designed questions that involved all aspects of the individuals life. The importance of social ties in the lives of older people has becoming increasingly recognized as strong associations have been consistently found between social support networks for physical and mental health. The Big Five inventory consists of a number of characteristics that may or may not apply to participants. (McCullough et al, 5) The participants were asked to rate the applicability of each characteristic to themselves in a scale of 1-5.   The factors are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN) or from the Five Factor Model (FFM). This consists of the following 5 factors: urgency, agreeableness, dependability, emotional stability, and culture. Each factor consists of a number of more specific traits. For example, extraversion includes such related qualities as sociability, excitement seeking, and positive emotions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Questionnaires were handed out to all participants in the classroom of research method in psychology at the California State University, Fullerton. Participants were given instructions as a group and were told that participation in this study would be anonymous. It was also stated that they may choose to participate and could withdraw at anytime. The whole session took about 15-30 minutes. Participants were provided informed consent and debriefing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This effort was similar to previous efforts to compile a thorough report that supported the thesis of generosity and the appreciative nature.   The information compiled and addressed several important fundamental aspects of life.         The three studies showed that all indications of a grateful disposition is social desirable.   The data that was used contained self reports examined and how it ranked.   Next, the disposition was calculated from life’s satisfaction of vitality, happiness, hope, and optimism.    The response were then empirically calculated.   Third step was determining the lower order traits that contained the emotions pertaining to well being, willingness, and spirituality aspects that pertain to life and the coping mechanisms that can disable the ability to consciously be thankful and helpful.   The last steps involved bringing the personality traits that are determined by the Big Five and the common association that are in sync or are agreeable. Results   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The results of previous efforts and the most recent data provided support the thesis. The measures of affectivity and life satisfaction in all areas that were tested are conducted to determine the next course of action for testing and retesting as for accuracy.   The information that is issued and used to understand the importance of life satisfactions, vitality, subjective happiness, optimism, and hope. It is to understand these simple concepts that the affectivity and life satisfaction was determined with positive and negative affects that would influence the psychological symptoms.   This includes the variable that resulted in understanding prosociality.   The disposition with empathy and social desirability were used to validate the believe that the spirituality and religiousness would have supported any concept of what and why people are appreciative.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The results of the first study that involved the information gathered from the Big Five assessment and variable ranking scale of a certain â€Å"idea† or ideal. The analysis that was used to calculate the self report and the measure of affectivity and life situation with the greatest weight.   This was closely supported by the remaining questions and their assessment as it was placed through the structural equation model.   The statistical equation determined the validity of each section as it is compared. A t-test was conducted to determine whether or not there are social sizes difference in satification with life for people with optimism, and conscientiousness. The results those showed that smaller social network size (mean=4.10) were significantly less satisfied compared to those with life larger social network size (mean=5.05; t(89)= -3.79, p.001). The result showed that there was a strong positive correlation between the Satisfaction with life and the Optimism (r=.54, p.001), there was a strong positive correlation between conscientiousness and satification with life (r=.22, p.04).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The effect on an individual’s answer is the influenced by their interaction in certain situations.   The factor that are used to determine the type of person that is in a situation that are agreeable, conscientious, extraversion, neuroticism, and openness.   The types of individuals that one associates with fall into four categories – friend, relative, romantic partners, and coworker.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The results of a variable of 39 questions statistically check and recheck so that the validity would be accurate.   When determining the optimism of how the â€Å"Big Five† personality effectors are involved.   It was used to the one factor system of gratitude and vitality. Using the two factor solution fit better as the correlation factors were at r=.46, p

General Motors social responsibility strategy Essay

They emphasize clearly on enthusiasm. They want the employee, customer and shareholder enthusiasm to be extremely high. Targets that are environmentally cleansing will give the enthusiasm to the customers. The customers may then start to buy GM vehicles, Which will result in the business being more profitable, which will then give the shareholders enthusiasm. GM work as one big family and state that the most important assets are its colleagues. This will prompt employee enthusiasm. IF this goes to plan then they have partly fulfilled their vision statement. Looking at the environmental side of the vision statement, they want to completely remove the automobile from the environmental equation. This means that GM wants to produce the perfect vehicle that has no harmful emissions, is safer to drive and is affordable. GM have recognised that it could be a long time before this vision can be achieved but have started to implement various solutions to the long-term efforts. They have developed technologies such as advanced internal combustion power trains, modern diesel engines and hybrids. Each one helps in achieving their vision for the company and gradually progress and advance their technology. Communication within GM Communication is about transmitting ideas. There are many different ways in which others can obtain the ideas, such as through the various forms of medium, by telecommunications, and face-to-face. The communication between humans is principally language but can also take on other forms as well. Body language for instance, is a very powerful mechanism of communication because a lot can be read from facial expressions, gestures and posture. The simple fact that individuals have different upbringings means that they may perceive things in different ways. John Naylor states, â€Å"The receiver interprets the message into meaningful form†. This therefore means that the language the sender uses is very important because conveying the right message will depend on it. Language also needs to be adapted appropriately in order to fit the situation. Naylor suggests that the rules of language are as follows: Phonological- sounds and their combinations   Semantic- links between sounds and meaning   Syntactic- construction of phrases and sentences. Pragmatic- relating words, phrases and sentences to context, for example culture, behaviour, history and relationship GM’s website is very effective in my opinion as a communicator because it conveys relevant information. The website coheres to Levi’s and Conrad’s first principle of usability to web systems because it uses words and phrases and concepts familiar to the user. It also presents information in a natural and logical order. Within GM’s website, the home page is very clear because the buttons are quite large, clearly labelled and colourful. The language used on the buttons is very simple and specific. They allow the user to navigate themselves around the site efficiently and easily. There is also a search button to use as well. People would use this website for many different reasons such as car dealers, managers of the motor industry, customers and potential customers, all of which would find the website easy to use. Levi and Conrad (1996) also suggest that a web system should â€Å"organise information hierarchically, with more general information appearing before more specific detail. Encourage the user to delve as deeply as needed, but to stop whenever sufficient information has been received†. GM’s website implements this because each button on the home page links to a list of information that is contained within a section. Each option from the list then links to either the specific topic or subheadings of that topic. GM’s website fits very well into all nine o Levi and Conrad’s usability principles for web systems and is therefore a good method of communicating information to the GM audience. Application of Control Models. In this of work I will look at the different types of control systems within the GM industry. â€Å"The function of control is to ensure that the plan is achieved in spite of obstacles, variations and uncertainties in both the organisation and its environment. † Control systems basically assess the performance and then compare the results to the planning. They are then used as a tool to correct the differences between these two by the use of control loops. Control systems help managers to gain information back on what could be a number of activities such as higher profit, better efficiency, improved customer care. They set out their ideal goals and compare them to what has actually been achieved and then look at ways on how to improve the current state if it needs to be. There are three main types of control systems, Feedback control, Feed forward control and Concurrent control. First of all starting with Feedback control. This looks at the information about past behaviour to correct the performance of an operation. The process being controlled converts inputs into outputs. The feedback is used to help make the inputs more useful so that the outputs are more successful. There are four key areas to the model: – Goals- these are the standards set out by the company. These are the ideal performances and are set out to be achieved at any cost. Monitor Performance- this is the measuring of process outputs. This is basically looking at the activity through each of its stages. This process is mainly routine for many businesses. An example of General Motors monitoring performance would be using techniques such as safety tests, how fast the car goes, and how many miles a car can do to the gallon. These are then reported back to management to check on the progress. Comparison- the next stage is comparison. This compares the monitoring of the results to the goals. This is where action is taken upon the controller if the results are not matching to the company goals. Control Action- this is when corrective action is taken depending on the details of the control system. An example of Feedback control within General Motors is for their project Environmental Principles. GM wants to set out a policy in which they can help rebuild and regenerate the various communities. This basically is the use of surplus properties and redevelopment of them so they are suitable to live in. The goal is environmental stewardship. The ability to balance environmental, social and economic considerations in the GM actions that help shape the world. This is a challenging goal, one that will not be realised either through an occasional accomplishment or simply by announcing it. GM states that the only way they can create the future is to use the past. This is an example of feedback control. A report has been published every year called the Environmental Report. The information is gathered each year and the achievements are compared to the goals, the relevant actions are taken to help complete this goal that GM have. As well as the Redevelopment scheme being included in the report, there are also other criteria. For instance GM have set out another goal in which the report sites that there will be reduction in emissions and fuel consumption and an increase in philanthropy and community support. One of their ideal goals is to use 90% recyclable materials, 30,000 metric tons of recyclable metal for their cars. GM uses the report as monitoring device. Each year the goals are set out and at the end of it they are compared to the results and the appropriate actions are taken. A new report is developed to help complete the goals of the company. As you can see this fits into the Feedback model fairly well. All the key features are there, goals are set in one report, these are monitored throughout the year, the results are compared to previous years, and action is then taken if they have not been successful, which can take form of a new report. The next type of control feature is Concurrent control. This is sometimes described as real time or self-control. This control system works as close as possible to the process. The process does not need to be interrupted for monitoring and adjustment, in some cases. There are several perspectives that Concurrent control can be seen as. From the view of the worker it resembles Feedback, as they are processing, then monitoring, and so on. From the view of management though, the goals are set and they expect the employee to act without further intervention. The difference between feedback control is that the arrangement has internal monitoring and action. An example of Concurrent control within the GM organisation is the processing of the vehicles. The processing, monitoring, actions and controls are all is all done in real time. The vehicle descriptions are processed into the equipment that processes the cars. The input is the metal, furnishings, engines and other equipment needed to make the vehicles. These are then processed and the various technicians monitor the performance of the machinery and they are expected to use control actions if any problems occur. The goals will be producing a car that is economically sound, a people carrier, and cars that are specifically designed for the city and other similar goals. If there are any problems the technicians are expected to take the relevant actions to sort out the problems. As you can see the processing of vehicles has a certain element of Concurrent control within it. Nearly everything is done around one process and it is up to the employees to adjust and correct any problems that occur Now moving onto Feed forward control. Feed forward is about anticipating an event or problem before they arise within a business. The controller receives the monitoring information on outputs; these outputs are then converted into forecasts of the future outputs if the process continues as it is. Feed forward differs from planning. Planning answers questions such as â€Å"How can we get from here to here? † Feedback looks at questions such as â€Å"What early warnings do current outputs give us of future process performance? † The forecasting part only works on the output data. An example of Feed forward control within GM could be within their Seven Year Plan. This plan is included within GM’s Targets and Mission statement. GM wants the transportation of the future to have a lot less impact on the environment and the quality of life. The plans are assessing the possibilities of changing the major modes of transportation and start to develop future land transportation systems. GM is also intent on producing a vehicle that has no harmful emissions and either runs on a fuel that is harmless, runs on electric, or runs on solar power. They want to make motoring as safe to the environment as possible so that people are no longer concerned with the effects vehicles have on the environment. GM has many forecasts within this plan. They forecast to develop a prototype car that runs on electric by the year 2004. Each step of this production will be closely monitored so that other forecasts can be made to improve the process. Evan now forecasts are being made upon the vehicles they produce so that they can be improved when the next sets of goals are thought up. A lot of GM’s current processing is using feed forward control. They are constantly forecasting better ways to produce their goods so their Outputs can be improved. I do not think that any of these suggest any possibilities of problems or failure. GM have stated that they want to strive forward in the car industry and make sure that their products are safe to the environment and safe to the people that use them. They are using these models to improve on what they have already done within the car industry. They also want to lead by example and make other car industries follow their lead. They are a pioneer company and do not show signs of failure. References Management (1998) by John Naylor http://www. gm. com/ http://www. ilds. com/ http://stats. bls. gov/ore/htm/ Management BUSAG2031 Adam Tilston 00302568 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Variation and Inheritance section.

Biology - Microbiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biology - Microbiology - Essay Example It is therefore essential to understand the microbes linked with the commodities we use in our everyday life. Microorganism vary widely in morphology displaying spherical, rod like or spiral shapes. One of the significant feature that is universal despite their appearances is they divide through binary fission. The cell grows to twice its size, DNA, the genetic material replicates and then the cell divides into two like cells which share the same genotype as the parent cell. The two newly formed cells are called the daughter cells as they receive one copy of each replicated DNA. Since the two daughter cells are genetically similar they are referred as clones. Cells descending from the parent cell form a mass of cells on the solid surface, agar plates and are known as colony. The colony is derived from a single cell and this is referred as colony forming unit (CFU) (Stanier, 1986). The cell divides into two new cells and then these two cells give rise to four new cells which eventuall y divides to form eight cells establishing a mathematical series called 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,... which can be expressed as 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,...with a base of 2. Such series is called the exponential series and the growth curve obtained displaying bacterial growth is called exponential growth curve highlighting the fact that bacterial population increases rapidly and possess short generation time equivalent to 30 minutes. With such a rapid pace of cell division the population of bacteria grows two fold in one hour and 16 fold in mere two hours. If the trend continues the population may attain trillion fold, but there is a check mechanism that limits the bacterial growth. Thus, instead of a constant steady rise in the population of bacterial cells, the bacterial growth curve displays four phases- A. The lag phase- It is the primary phase after the bacterial cells are inoculated in the growth medium. In this phase the bacterial cells do not divide, instead they prepare themselves w ith high metabolic rate for the cell division. If the nutrients are sufficient to support the growth and cellular requirements, the lag phase may be short. If the medium of inoculation is poor in nutrient requirement of the cell the time taken by the cells to prepare themselves to onset cell division, the cells are required to produce amino acids and vitamins, the bacterial growth displays long lag phase; as after active metabolism only the cells begin DNA replication. This is a preparatory step for the second phase of growth (Stanier, 1986). B. The log or the exponential phase of growth- In this phase the cells display rapid cell division. The time taken by the cells to produce daughter cells is regarded as the generation time. This phase is depicted as the steep rise in the bacterial growth. The generation time could be calculated by pointing two points on the straight line and calculating the time required to attain the same. However, the generation time depends on various factor s encompassing the organism, the growth medium as well the given temperature. Thus generation time varies between different bacterial species. Estimations reveal that fastest growing organisms have generation time of 15- 20 min under optimal growth provisions (Stanier, 1986). C. The stationary phase- in this phase the metabolism slows down and cells cease rapid cell division. Cells display declining metabolism as well as the rapid pace of cell division also reduces. Stationary phase is initiated by the altered

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Business Ethics - Essay Example The main body of the essay will be structured using the STAR format. According to Kotler & Armstrong (2004, p. 127), â€Å"written regulations cannot possibly cover all potential marketing abuses and existing laws may be difficult to enforce. However, beyond the written laws and regulations, business is also governed by social codes and rules of professional ethics.† Therefore, companies that are enlightened always encourage their managers to focus on doing the right things always for the betterment of the company. It is imperative for businesses to try to create a balance between the goals of the organisation as well as its CSR initiatives. Careful consideration should always be taken given that there are often conflicting interests whereby certain situations can give rise to disagreements about the right course of action that can be taken in a given situation. Ethics Basically, business ethics refers to the values, principles and standards that operate within business and th ese attempt to make a distinction between something that is morally good from bad (Rossouw, 2004). As such, values can be described as the â€Å"essential and enduring tenets† that help define the company and are â€Å"not to be compromised for financial gain or short term expediency,† (DesJardins, 2006, p.5). Cultural environments in which organisations operate shape the values of the organisations given that there are many forces that affect the way people behave such as perceptions about situations, preferences as well as attitudes which influence people to behave in a particular way (Kotler & Armstrong, 2004). It can be noted that there are different types of values in the organisation such as financial, political, historical as well as cultural. Corporate social responsibility On the other hand, the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) suggests that there is need for an organisation to establish goodwill with the values and norms of a particular societ y in which it would be operating. Whilst there is no agreed definition of the concept of CSR, it has been defined as a function that transcends but includes making profits, creating jobs and producing goods and services that satisfy the needs and interests of the stakeholders (Oketch 2005 as cited in Smith 2003). Strydom (2004, p.11) suggests that â€Å"CSR is the concept that maintains that businesses are part of the larger society in which they exist and are accountable to the society for their operations.† This means that there is need for the organisations to try to build a relationship between the goals and objectives of the organisation, needs and interests of the stakeholders and the society at large. This concept is also related to ethical issues in the organisation. Situation In this particular case, Gino, the CEO of DMBC intends to divide the windfall of the company between the new CSR program focused on Batten disease and employee bonuses. This follows the diagnosi s of his daughter with Batten disease and this is the major reason why he is pushing for this initiative. However, of notable concern is that the company had not given any pay rises to the employees for almost three years and in some instances, it had been forced to cut salaries for the employees but it seems that Gino is more concerned about the welfare of his daughter at the

Comparitive studies of enviormental policies in China & USA Essay

Comparitive studies of enviormental policies in China & USA - Essay Example Because of the relation between such acts of environmental degradation and economic development, there are often national policies on environment control that are enacted and implemented on national basis. This paper therefore seeks to examine the differences and similarities between China and the United States in terms of their environmental policies as well as compare them economically and then having overview of other countries with similar environmental policies as China. Similarities in Environmental Policies between China and the United States Two areas of environmental policy of which the United States and China has a lot of similarities has to do with the area of resource energy and recycling. Both countries have policies that are channeled towards the need to reserve the environment by avoiding the use of non-renewable sources of energy such as hydro electricity. To this end, there has over the years being a policy to fade off the use of non-renewable energy sources in power ing major industries in both countries (Vesper, 2000). In the United States for instance, the use of wind energy has become a widely promoted source of energy for major industries, especially those into manufacturing. China has also been known to take a giant lead in the use of solar energy in powering most its industries such as those in manufacturing (Waddell, 2003). Almost the same story is true in the case of recycling as industries in both countries have had to follow national policies that enshrine them to recycle waste product and channel them into other areas of energy generation rather than dumping the waste into the environment. In the United States, this policy is championed by the Environment Protection Agency. Differences in Environmental Policies between China and the United States As much as there are similarities in policies, there are also areas between China and the United States that there are several differences in developmental ideologies. These ideologies diffe rences have actually resulted in differences in environmental policies. For example in China, there is the ideology of the need to reduce the country’ population sharply as the country is currently the most populated country in the world. Though the United States is heavily populated, its demand for population reduction is not as intensive as that of China. Because of this, China has a policy known as one-baby-per family that seeks to enforce the reduction of number of births in homes. United States on the other hand only uses public advocacy to appeal for birth control. In the area of pollution also, there are differences between the two countries. For instance, whereas China has a more liberal approach to industrialization as a way widening it up its industrial growth in global economy, the United States as a more stringent approach to new entrants into industrialization. Subsequently, the United States is more concerned about checking acts of pollution among industries tha n China is (Rotter, 2001). This is because the government of China sees policies that force industry players to stick to certain rules as a means of intimidating their operation. Economic impact of Environmental Policies for China and the United States Industrial economists hold very interesting views on the economic impact of environmental pol

Persuation(Austen) vs Silas Marner(Eliot) Essay

Persuation(Austen) vs Silas Marner(Eliot) - Essay Example They showed through their characters what women of that time could accomplish if they refused to believe that their femininity was a barrier. According to Eliot marriage meant being "absorbed into the life of another, and only [being] known in a certain circle as a wife and a mother" (George Eliot) whereas Austen almost unquestioningly accepted it. Eliots writings were not about a polite society, but by writing about abusive relationships, went beyond it. (Melanie Shelton). These two authors do not belong to the "silly lady novelists" (Eliot) category, which George Eliot has referred to in one of her writings. Austen portrays the daily lives of her characters that are mainly upper-middle-class men in England of early nineteenth century. She focuses on themes that never die, such as marriage, social pressure, and the generation gap (N. Zeynep Yelce) Anne Elliot, the heroine in Persuasion, suffers the consequences of a decision she had to take years ago to severe relations with a man she loved. Her family had forced this decision upon her. The thoughts of Lady Russell in this context "Anne Elliot, with all her claims of birth, beauty and mind, to throw herself away at nineteen; involve herself at nineteen with a young man, who had nothing but himself to recommend him, and no hopes of attaining affluence, but in the chances of a most uncertain profession, and no connexions, to secure even his farther rise in that profession; would be indeed a throwing away which she grieved to think of." (Austen Jane) aptly describes the kind of advice Anne got from her family. Austen while putting forth the causes and consequences of this action gives an incisive account of the narrow-mindedness of the British class system. Silas Marner portrays a realistic portrait of life in a traditional English village of the 19th century where kindness and cooperation take precedence over petty differences. It centres on Silas Marner, a weaver living in the

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Cleveland Clinic - Case Study Example The weaknesses at Cleveland Clinic are all centered around communication. I would recommend the Clinic institute a program that can address all three weaknesses by enhancing the communication skills of the staff. Information and education should center on fully informing patients of not only procedures, but also options and prognosis. This would go hand in hand with addressing the problem of failing to respect patients preferences. Part of this may be due to a lack of sensitivity to the patient's perceptions of treatment. Both these issues are rooted in a failure to communicate fully. The Clinic also needs to be pro-active in obtaining permission to discuss the patient's medical situation with select family and friends. This will require additional training for the staff to promote a policy of communicating with families. A policy would need to be drawn up that specifies what information is appropriate to share and when it is deemed a positive step. The "Patients First" policy has been successful on an individual and anecdotal basis. This is reflected in their high score on patient comfort. However, they have not been successful at communication the program to the patients and the families. Cleveland Clinic needs to move the policy beyond patient comfort and involve the patient in the medical decisions and treatment. Cl 4. The CC included peer evaluation in the annual evaluation of physicians. Do you think peer evaluation should be used with the nursing and other professional staff, what about 360 degree evaluation Cleveland Clinic can benefit greatly from peer evaluations. This is especially true in the team environment that they work in. Nurses share similar duties and responsibilities within the team, and the other members work closely with the team. Because of this, the nurses have a greater knowledge of performance than most members of supervision or management do. The idea of a 360 degree evaluation would not be appropriate for Cleveland Clinic. Due to the specialized nature of the specialty clinics and the team approach, input from outside these circles would not be helpful and may be misinformed. Criticism, as well as praise, could be misplaced due to the halo effect or the proximity of other team members affecting the evaluation. 5. In the Ohio market the CC appeared to be vertically and horizontally integrated. Was that part of their success, and was this part of the failure of the

Apply the concepts of the expectancy theory of motivation as an Essay - 1

Apply the concepts of the expectancy theory of motivation as an approach to improving performance in a given workplace situation - Essay Example This belief is founded on past experience, self-efficacy as well as the perceived difficulty of the performance standard. Secondly, instrumentality is based on the belief that if the set performance expectation is reached, then there is an accompanying reward for the work done. The reward can either be a promotion, a salary increment, a sense of accomplishment or even recognition. If the rewards are made to be similar for all irrespective of the individual performance, then instrumentality reduces. The individual’s instrumentality is based on trust, control, and policies. The perception that individuals have a control on how the rewards are distributed results to an increased instrumentality. Trust mainly comes from the leadership, if the individuals can trust their leader, then it means they will believe in whatever they are promised. Policies are also very important when it comes to instrumentality. The perception that a certain level of performance attracts certain rewards in accordance to the organizational policy will exponentially increase instrumentality (Vroom, 1964). The other component is valence. It basically deals with the value that a person gives to the rewards of an outcome. This value is founded on the basis of the person’s needs, values, preferences, sources of motivation and their goals. The potential valued outcome can range from promotions, recognition, pay rises, bonuses, intrinsic satisfaction based on validation of one’s abilities and skills, time off, new and interesting assignments, or it can also result from an intrinsic satisfaction based on the view that their efforts positively impacted others (Porter and Lawler,1968). The company in the case scenario can effectively adopt the expectancy motivation theory in order to improve the performance of its employees. There seems to be an attitude by the employees towards work,

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Julius Caesar Essay Example for Free

Julius Caesar Essay Rhetoric and Power- Examine the ability to make things happen by words alone. Rhetoric and Power is a theme well used in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar. Mark Antony deceives the conspirators into believing he is on their side when he discovers them with Julius’ corpse, Brutus’ speech after killing Julius Caesar makes the Romans believe Julius was a bad person, Mark Antony’s speech after Julius Caesar’s death makes the Romans furious at the conspirators. In the last two situations we see the point of view the countrymen go from one thing to a completely different thing just by the use of words. â€Å"Let each man render me his bloody hand† (III,i,185). Antony convinces the conspirators that he knows they must have had a good reason for killing Caesar. He shakes their hands showing a gesture of friendship. Well at least that’s what he wants them to think. â€Å"Friends am I with you all, and love you all† (III.i, 222). The conspirators still not fully certain Antony’s trust ask him if they could depend on him. Antony calls them friends and tells them he loves them. Antony is using only words to convince the conspirators he is on their side. â€Å"not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more† (III.ii, 20-21). Brutus tells the countrymen that he loved Caesar but his love for Rome was greater. He tells the Romans that if Caesar were a live they would all be slaves. Brutus tells them that Caesar was too ambitious and that’s why he killed him. â€Å"I have the same dagger for myself when it shall please my country to need my death†(III.ii.44-45). Brutus ends his speech by telling the Romans he will sacrifice himself for Rome because of his tremendous love for it. At this point the Romans are all understanding to Caesar’s death and think that what Brutus did is okay. They all begin to chant for him. â€Å"When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept. Ambition should be made of sterner stuff. Yet Brutus says he was ambitious† (III.ii, 91-93). Mark Antony tells the countrymen of all the good deeds Caesar did that show he wasn’t as ambitious as Brutus says he was. â€Å"The evil that men do lives after them; The good is oft interred with their bones†(III.ii.75-76). Antony states to the Romans that all the bad things that one does is always remembered, but the good they have done is buried with them. He tells them this because it seems as if the Romans have completely forgotten everything Caesar has done for them. Then Caesar continues his speech by telling the Romans how many times poor Caesar was stabbed. He tells them how Caesar loved Brutus and that didn’t stop Brutus from killing him. Antony makes the Romans believe that everything the conspirators did isn’t a good deed but an evil murder. He gets all the Romans against the conspirators all through a speech he made to them. The power to make things happen by words is used a lot through out Julius Caesar. Antony’s speech alone led to the death of Brutus, Cassius, and 100 senators. Brutus’ speech made the evil act the him and conspirators committed seem like a good deed to the Romans. Antony’s deceiving words made the conspirators believe he was on their side.

MRTP Act: Rise Fall and Need for Change: Eco Legal Analysis

MRTP Act: Rise Fall and Need for Change: Eco Legal Analysis 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Title The title of the project is MRTP Act: Rise, Fall and Need for Change: Eco-Legal Analysis and is part of the submissions to be made for the internal assessment for the course of Economics II. 1.2 Overview of Topic India, in its formative years of freedom, laid down the seeds of socialistic approach towards economic development. Five-year plans were designed with the aim of self-realance and self-sufficiency of the Indian industry and in this process of indigenuity, focus was laid on strong governmental regime to ensure equal and prosperous distribution of resources. One such attempt of the state resulted in the enactment of the MRTP Act, 1969 with the basic aim of comprehensive control over direction, pattern and quantum of investment to ensure that wealth is not concentrated in the hands of the few. However, with the emergence of the new Industrial Policy statement of 1980, a need was felt for promoting competition in domestic market, technological upgradation and modernization which was then followed by the massive New Policy Reforms of 1991 which emphasized attainment of technological dynamism and international competitiveness, by opening up the Indian economy to foreign investment. This could not be met by the Indian industry since it was not in competitive terms with the rest of the world and operated in an over-regulated environment. Hence, as was concluded in the Raghavan Committee Report, 2000  [1]   changes were sought in the competition policies of India and thus, the MRTP Act was laid to rest. This project will trace the performance of the MRTP and point out the faults that led to its failure and thus its repeal by the Competition Act. 1.3 Objective of Project This project is aimed at advocating and analysing the performance of the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practice Act, 1969 (henceforth, MRTP Act) in the Economic-Legal aspect. The project will primarily analyse the performance of the MRTP Act over the various Industrial development phases (From 1951 to post-1991 Reforms) and then try to establish how and why it paved the way for Competition Act, 2002. Thus, the basic aim is to establish the reasons for the failure of the MRTP and the subsequent reasons for the establishment of the Competition Act. 1.4 Data Set Explanation In the course of this project, the following data-sets have been used: 1) MRTP Commission Data: Depicting the number of cases considered and disposed of by the MRTP Commission in its last years of existence, i.e. from 2002-2004. This data has been computed in the form of Bar-Graph for illustrative purpose. This data has been sourced from the work of Sh. Pradeep S. Mehta, Gen. Sec., CUTS International in A Functional Competition Policy for India published by Academic Foundation, New Delhi, 2005. This data is available online and has been accessed through www.books.google.com [Link has been provided at the concerned graph] 2) Annual Growth Rate of Industrial Production Index: Depicting the trend in the growth of Industrial Production from the Year 1951 to the year 2007. This has been represented in the form of Data-Table, and the data divided into the various Industrial phases. This data has been sourced primarily from the book of S. K. Misra and V. K. Puri titled Economic Environment of Businees, 5th ed, Himalaya Publishing House, 2008. This book is available at the Reference Section of the NALSAR Law Library. This data is originally sourced in the above-mentioned book from: (a) Government of India, Handbook of Industrial Statistics, 1992, Table 50, p.150; (b) S. L. Shetty, Structural Retrogression in the Indian Economy since the Mid-1960s, Economic and Political Weekly, Special Supplement, 1978, Table 4, p. 9; (c) Government of India, Economic Survey, 2000-01, Box 7.1, p.130; (d) RBI, Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy, 2000, Table 199, p. 409; (e) Government of India, Economic Survey, 2004-05, Table 7.2, p.142; (f) RBI, Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy, 2006-07, Table 237, p. 606 and Table 238, p. 607. 1.5 Research Methodology The methodology adopted in this project is descriptive. The research is based on findings and statistics provided in primary sources like Statistical data and Committee Reports and on secondary sources of books and articles published in journals, hence the methodology adopted is despcriptive in nature. 1.6 Limitations The research is limited to the resources available at the NALSAR Library and the data sets available online and at the NALSAR Library in the manner of Study Reports and Research findings. 2. MRTP: WHY IT WAS ENACTED 2.1 Post-Independence: Socialistic Industrial Regime Structure In the years preceding the enactment of the MRTP Act, 1969, India had only been a free nation for a little more than 15 years. Following independence, it had laid down the formative structure of its governance and organization on the touchstone of socialism. The socialist approach was inherent in the functioning of the government as it preached social and economic equality, which was later adopted in the Preamble to the Constitution of India  [2]  by the 42nd Amendment. In this process, the concept of planned economic development started since the early 1950s. However, this approach did not yield the desired result of socio or economic equality. The initial industrial licensing policies had not borne the planned results- instead, the market and the industries were showing negative trends and wealth was getting concentrated in the hands of the few. This was observed by the Hazari Committee in its 1967 Report on Industrial Planning and Licensing Procedure, 1955 where it found that working of the licensing system had resulted in disproportionate growth of some big industrial house.  [3]   Similarly, the Mahalanobis Committee Report (1964) on Distribution and Level of Income, reported that the top 10% of the population cornered 40% of the income while the 20 of the largest firms in India owned 38% of the total built up capital of the private sector.  [4]   2.2 Emergence of MRTP The previous industrial policies had clearly not worked in the direction the state had hoped for since, post independence many new and big firms had entered the Indian  market and they had little competition and thus, were trying to monopolize the  market. Hence the need for a stricter policy regime was realised to safeguard the welfare of the consumers by removing barriers to competition in the Indian economy, and this resulted in the enactment of the MRTP Act, 1969 which came into force in June 1970. The primary objectives of the Act were listed down in the Preamble as follows:  [5]   i) Regulate the concentration of economic power to the common detriment, ii) Control monopolies and monopolistic trade practices, iii) Prohibit restrictive trade practices, and iv) Regulate unfair trade practices. 2.3 Primary Concepts To understand the objectives of the MRTP and for the understanding of this project, we will first proceed to discuss the primary concepts related to the project topic: 1) Monopolistic Trade Practices Section 2(i) of the MRTP Act, 1969 defines Monopolistic Trade Practice as trade practices that have the effect of preventing or lessening competition in the production, supply or distribution of any goods or in the supply of any services- by misusing ones power to use the  market conditions,  in terms of production and sales of goods and services, and thus abuse its market position- are called monopolistic trade practices. Firms involved in monopolistic trade practice  try to eliminate competition from the  market by taking advantage of their monopoly and charge unreasonably high prices. This in effect leads to deterioration in the product quality and limits technical  development. Thus, such practices are anti-consumer-welfare. 2) Restrictive Trade Practices Activities that firms indulge in that tend to block the flow of capital into production, in order to maximize their own profits and to gain control over the  market- such activities are termed as Restrictive Trade Practices.  [6]  Such firms also control conditions of delivery to affect the flow of supplies leading to unjustified costs of production and distribution- while establishing their monopoly in the market. 3) Unfair Trade Practices Section 36-A of the MRTP Act, 1969 which was inserted on the recommendation of the Sachar Committee Report, laid down as to what may  be termed as  Unfair  Trade Practices:  [7]   False representation and misleading  advertisement  of goods and services. Misleading representation regarding utility, quality and standard of goods and services. Giving false guarantee or warranty on goods and services without adequate tests. False claims or representation regarding  price  of goods and services. Giving false facts regarding sponsorship, affiliation etc. of goods and services. Making false or misleading representations of facts. 2.4 Doctrine of the Act The MRTP Act, 1969 had its origin in the Directive Principles of State Policy embodied in the Constitution of India. Article 39[(b) and (c)] of the Constitution lay down that the State shall direct its policy towards ensuring:  [8]   (i) that the ownership and control of material resources of the community are so distributed as to best serve the common good; and (ii) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment. Thus, the doctrine behind the MRTP Act, 1969 was based on the concept of planned economic development that had started since early 1950s. The Public Sector Industrial (Development Regulation) Act, 1951 and Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 together commanded a comprehensive control over direction, pattern and quantum of investment. However, despite such control that the state exercised through these Acts, these did not entirely benefit the consumers rather, these complex network of controls and regulations fettered the freedom of the enterprises and yielded negative results for the economy. 3. FUNCTIONING AND PERFORMANCE: THE MRTP COMMISSION 3.1 Functions The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission (MRTPC), a quasi- judicial body, was established under Section 5 of the MRTP Act, 1969 to take up action against companies that indulged in monopolistic and unfair trade activities. It discharged functions as per the provisions of the Act. The main functions of the MRTP Commission being: to enquire into and take appropriate action in respect of unfair trade practices and restrictive trade practices. in regard to monopolistic trade practices, to enquire into such practices:  [9]   upon a reference made to it by the Central Government, or upon its own knowledge or information; submit its findings to Central Government for further action. The Office of the Director General of Investigation Registration was created in the year 1984 to perform certain statutory functions and duties under the MRTP Act, 1969 so as to subserve its objective to protect the interests of the consumers in the country.  [10]  The Act was amended from time to time and major amendments took place in the years 1984 and 1991 and these reforms shall be discussed later in this project. 3.2 Mechanism The working of the MRTP Commission can be put down in the following steps: 1) As discussed above, the MRTP Commission was empowered under section 10 of the Act to take either suo motu action or action upon reference by the government, against companies that were deemed to be adopting restrictive, monopolistic or unfair practices. 2) All such trade practices were considered to be prejudicial to public interest. Hence, the onus was on the entity, body or undertaking charged with the perpetration of such trade practices, to plead under the MRTP Act to avoid being indicted. 3) If the pleadings were satisfactory to the Commission and if it was further satisfied that the restriction is not unreasonable, the Commission would arrive at the conclusion that the trade practice is not prejudicial to public interest and discharge the enquiry against the charged party.  [11]  Furthermore, if a trade practice was expressly authorised by any law for the time being in force, the Commission was barred from passing any order against the charged party. 4) Otherwise, if the Commission deemed it to be fit, it could either: a) give temporary injunction, or b) award compensation. 3.3 Illustrative Cases A) Shyam Gas Company Case This was a case where the supply of cooking gas cylinders was in short supply, which led to unfair exploitation of the situation. Shyam Gas Co. was the sole distributor of BPCL for cooking gas cylinder at Hathras (U.P.) which was allegedly engaging in the following restrictive practices: giving gas connections to the customer only when he purchased a gas stove or a hot plate from the company; and charging customers twice the price for supply of fittings and appliances. The MRTP Commission held that the company was indulging in a restrictive trade practice that was prejudicial to the interest of the consumers. B) Bal Krishna Khurana Case This was the first case where a sales promotion organizer was charged under unfair trade practices. The respondent, Bal Krishna was famous all over North India for his selling export quality hosiery at extremely low prices wherein he sold goods worth Rs. 210/- for as low as Rs. 15/- The Commission received complaints from consumers who reported that they were being cheated into buying sub-standard goods. The Commission then put a restraining order against Bal Krishna from organizing any such promotion ventures. In addition, the Commission also advised newspapers against carrying any such misleading advertisements.  [12]   3.3 Performance The MRTP Commissions performance can be understood by looking at the data which shows the functioning of the Commission in its last phase (till 2007), depicting the volume of inquiries commissioned and reliefs awarded. A) Under Restrictive Trade Practices Figure 1: Enquiries Considered and Disposed of by MRTP Commission as of 31.12.2004 (RTP) SOURCE: Computed from data available at- Pradeep S. Mehta, CUTS International, A Functional Competition Policy for India, p. 47, Academic Foundation, New Delhi 2005.  [13]   B) Under Unfair Trade Practices Figure 2: Enquiries Considered and Disposed of by MRTP Commission as of 31.12.2004 (UTP) SOURCE: Computed from data available at- Pradeep S. Mehta, CUTS International, A Functional Competition Policy for India, p. 47, Academic Foundation, New Delhi 2005.  [14]   4. MRTP AND INDUSTRIAL GROWTH RATE: ANALYSIS The objective of this project is to analyse the performance of the MRTP Act, 1969 and then establish why it had to be replaced by a newer Competition Act, 2002. For this purpose, and to establish the shortcomings of the MRTP, we will now consider the Industrial Production Growth Rates during the period starting from 1951 till 2007 (the year MRTP was formally declared to be dysfunctional) and then draw conclusions by contrasting between the stricter regime, pre-1991 reforms and the post-1991 reforms phase of industrial development. 4.1 Industrial Growth Rate: 1951-1980 Table 1: ANNUAL GROWTH RATES OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN INDEX NOS., 1951-1980. Use-Based or Function Classification 1951-55 1955-60 1960-65 1965-74 1974-79 1979-80 1. Basic Goods 4.7 12.1 10.4 6.5 8.4 -0.5 2. Capital Goods 9.8 13.1 19.6 2.6 5.7 -2.3 3. Intermediate Goods 7.8 6.3 6.9 3.0 4.3 1.9 4. Consumer Goods 4.8 4.4 4.9 3.4 5.5 -4.4 (a) Durables 6.2 6.8 5.6 (b) Non-Durables 2.8 5.4 -6.1 GENERAL INDEX 5.7 7.2 9.0 4.1 6.1 -1.6 SOURCE: (1) Government of India, Handbook of Industrial Statistics, 1992, Table 50, p.150; S. L. Shetty, Structural Retrogression in the Indian Economy since the Mid-1960s, Economic and Political Weekly, Special Supplement, 1978, Table 4, p. 9. (2) Accessed in: S. K. Misra and V. K. Puri, Economic Environment of Businees, 5th ed, p. 399, Himalaya Publishing House, 2008. [Available at NALSAR Law Library] 4.2 Industrial Growth Rate: 1981-1991 Table 2: ANNUAL GROWTH RATES OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN INDEX NOS., 1981-1991. Use-Based or Function Classification 1981-85 1985-90 1990-91 1. Basic Goods 8.7 7.4 3.8 2. Capital Goods 6.2 14.8 17.4 3. Intermediate Goods 6.0 6.4 6.1 4. Consumer Goods 5.1 7.3 10.4 (a) Durables 14.3 11.6 14.8 (b) Non-Durables 3.8 6.4 9.4 GENERAL INDEX 6.4 8.5 8.3 SOURCE: (1) Government of India, Handbook of Industrial Statistics, 1992, Table 50, p.150; S. L. Shetty, Structural Retrogression in the Indian Economy since the Mid-1960s, Economic and Political Weekly, Special Supplement, 1978, Table 4, p. 9. (2) Accessed in: S. K. Misra and V. K. Puri, Economic Environment of Businees, 5th ed, p. 400, Himalaya Publishing House, 2008. [Available at NALSAR Law Library] 4.3 Industrial Growth Rate: 1992-2007 Table 3: ANNUAL GROWTH RATES OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN INDEX NOS., 1981-1991. Use-Based or Function Classification 1992-93 to 1996-97 1997-98 to 1996-97 1997-98 to 2001-02 2002-03 to 2006-07 1. Basic Goods 6.8 4.1 6.6 6.7 2. Capital Goods 8.9 4.7 14.4 15.7 3. Intermediate Goods 8.5 5.8 6.2 2.5 4. Consumer Goods 6.6 5.5 9.6 12.0 (a) Durables 13.4 10.7 8.8 15.3 (b) Non-Durables 4.8 3.8 10.0 11.0 GENERAL INDEX 7.4 5.0 8.2 8.2 SOURCE: (1) For Column 2, Government of India, Economic Survey, 2000-01, Box 7.1, p.130; For Column 3, RBI, Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy, 2000, Table 199, p. 409; For All Columns 1 4, Government of India, Economic Survey, 2004-05, Table 7.2, p.142; RBI, Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy, 2006-07, Table 237, p. 606 and Table 238, p. 607. (2) Accessed in: S. K. Misra and V. K. Puri, Economic Environment of Businees, 5th ed, p. 401, Himalaya Publishing House, 2008. [Available at NALSAR Law Library] 4.4 Comparison of the Phases Now basing on the above data-set, the researcher would now proceed to draw some inferences while considering the economic and social conditions prevailing at the corresponding time in India. 4.4.1 Phase of 1951-1980 1) If one observes closely, the general index (G.I.), the time-band of 1951-55 shows an impressive figure of 5.7 (impressive because India had just gotten independence and was taking its foundational steps in setting up the economy). This rate moves positively as we trace the G.I till the year 1965- where it reaches a peak of 9.0. This is the phase where the Indian economy was controlled by a handful of big business houses, and the government was struggling with its licensing and controlling policies- even in the absence of many players, the industry saw a sharp growth. 2) However, as we move on to the year 1965-76 we see a sharp fall to 4.1 accompanied by sharp falls in the index of basic goods, capital goods and intermediate goods. This is the phase where the unfettered growth of the few business houses could not be controlled and the market had started showing monopolistic trends- and showing falling indexes. More importantly, during the same phase, MRTP was introduced in the year 1969. Though it was implemented to control any monopolistic trends by preventing concentration of wealth in the hands of the few and catalyse competition in the market, it clearly failed in the initial years. The market did not react in a positive manner- the government had started with its nationalization and strict licensing policy. Some economists were of the view that there was a considerable slackening of real investment and this was followed by a decline in private-investment as well. This has been attributed to loss of stimulus for investment, and this possibly stems from the strict regime of MRTP, 1969.  [15]   In addition, other reasons can also be adduced to the fall in the index. Among them: Wars fought in 1965 and 1971 Drought conditions in some of the years between 1965-71 Oil crisis of 1973 3) Though the new policy was slowly starting to yield results, however the growth never really happened and this is evident from the negative trend observed in the phase 1979-80. It only changed after the New Industrial Policy of 1984 which is discussed next. 4.4.3 Phase of 1981-1991 1) The phase of 1981-85 shows a positive growth, in contrast to the preceding decade primarily because of the 1984 reforms. This broadened investment across the public and private sectors, while some level of deregulation was allowed. Most importantly, the cap on MRTP firms (which were subject to special regulation) was increased, which resulted in the more number of small-sized firms to be free from government regulation- thus, in turn leading to an increase in the production of consumer goods- especially durables. Thus, the loosening of government hold on small businesses was returning dividends to the consumers. The Industrial Policy of 1984 made the most significant changes to the Indian market- it reduced the domestic barriers to entry and expansion to inject a measure of competition in domestic industry, simplifying the procedures and providing easier access to better technology and intermediate material imports.  [16]   2) Also, this was the phase when the Green Revolution was yielding positive results and the agricultural sector was seeing a manifold increase in production. 2) This growth rate was successfully sustained over the next decade till the time preceding 1990. However, parallel to this growth was the increase in govt. spending deficit. India had reached a stage where it could lend no more- its Foreign Reserves had dried up and investment in all forms had almost ceased. This was the time when India took the mammoth step of Liberalization with the New Policy Reforms of 1991. 4.4.3 Post 1991 Reforms 1) The New Policy Reforms of 1991 brought about a host of changes to the Indian economy. The most major change being Liberalization- opening up of the market in accordance with the WTO Regime. This not only opened the gates of foreign investment but also brought about domestic policy changes in the licensing and regulation scenario. 2) The greatest change in the market was that made to the MRTP Act. Prior to the 1991 Reforms, a total of 1,854 undertakings were registered under the MRTP Act- of these, 1787 belonged to large industrial houses and remaining 67 were dominant undertakings.  [17]  The New Industrial Policy, 1991 now scrapped the assets limit for MRTP companies- this meant doing away with the requirement of prior approval from Central government for establishing new undertakings, expansions, mergers, amalgamations and takeovers. Thus, the changes brought about in the 1991 Reforms opened up the market in more ways than one. And hence, one can safely conclude that keeping with Indias liberalization, MRTP had become undesirable, rather, an obstacle to the growth story and thus, had to undergo multiple amendments in the period following the 1991 Reforms. In the next chapter, the researcher will continue with this line of thought and bring about the other shortcomings of the MRTP and how it finally came to be replaced. 5. SHORTCOMINGS OF MRTP Continuing from the last chapter, we have observed by comparing the industrial data that over the course of 4 decades from the time MRTP was enacted, the industry reacted in manners not suitable to the consumer. In this chapter, the researcher will discuss the other facets relating to the problems associated with the MRTP. 5.1 Anti-Welfaristic Results Though the MRTP was enforced with the aim of distribution of resources and leveraging of competition in the market, the desired results could not be obtained. Rather, the market conditions turned out to be hostile for the consumer, and small-businesses and big-businesses alike, were subjected to excessive control. The heightened governmental control, where new undertakings and ventures were severely restrained by complex procedures, created conditions wherein the firms, existing and new, found it difficult to survive and thus, could not give back any benefits to the consumer. 5.2 Stringent Provisions The Act aimed at abolishing all acts which were anti-competition. The Act, over the years became very active in taking on firms head-on to make them stand in line with the provisions of the Act. The provisions, though aimed at benefitting the consumers and the industrial growth, often played out tough- and the stringent provisions did not benefit anyone. For instance, the concept of Predatory Pricing, which is still a marketing policy adopted by companies to have an edge over their competitors, was handed down heavily by the MRTP Commission. Predatory Pricing is defined as pricing a good or service below the cost of production of the good or service, with the objective of driving a competitor out of trade or to discipline him and thereby achieve elimination of competition.  [18]  This is a means for a firm with strong market power to eliminate other competitors and then, dominate the market. This is effectively an anti-competitive mechanism, however, it can also be used to drive competition i.e. it can be effectively used to establish a strong competitive market. Examples are ripe in the current market where there are strong competitive conditions for the firms- they have to dole out quality at the best price to keep themselves established in the market, otherwise other competitive firms will drive them out of business. Examples being: A) Tide, a detergent that was introduced in the Indian market in 2000 was successful in breaking into a market which was strongly held by Surf (so much so, that households used to use Surf as a generic term for any kind of detergent). Tide used strong pricing, backed by its robust parent company, predatory in nature, to quickly grab a large market share for itself. It offered quality detergent at a price than the other existing detergents. This in turn made the other companies lower their price and offer better quality. Hence, the consumer emerged the winner from this competitive trend between the detergent makers. B) Tata Docomo, a mobile service provider that rolled out only 2 years back in the Indian market, entered at a time when there were established players in the market like Airtel, Reliance and state-run BSNL. But Docomo with its pricing policy which was unlike the prevailing market conditions, offered calling rates which changed the pulse. The market prior to the arrival of Docomo was based on per/minute charges, but Docomo came up with a per/second policy- thus, forcing other established players to also offer similar rates. Though such strategy was predatory in nature, but it helped in establishing a more competitive market which only went onto help the customers. Thus, the point that the researcher is trying to drive home is that such predatory pricing is not necessarily anti-competitive but rather an agent to bring about better options for the consumer. Hence, this is more beneficial in terms of consumers welfare. However, the MRTP Commission took up a strong case against such pricing and though it aimed at benefitting the market by ensuring fair competition, it instead closed down on the benefits to the customers. Hence, what was then required is a strong, case-by-case basis of handling and not absolute ban on predatory pricing. 5.3 Ambiguity in Law The MRTP Act, 1969 contained only one particular section, Section 2(o) to cover all anti-competition practices- defining Restrictive Trade Practice as a trade practice which prevents, distorts or restricts competition and thus, by defining it in Orcas: Study of Habitat, Types and Social Behaviours Orcas: Study of Habitat, Types and Social Behaviours Introduction Called â€Å"whale killer† by the Spanish sailors, and also as â€Å"killing demon† to The Haida of British Columbia. Whatever it called, mariners have long been astonished by the talent of the large black and white dolphins known as Orcas, or killer whales. The biggest members of the dolphin family, Orcas are one of the most iconic species of cetacean which other marine mammals like whales and porpoises. They are apex predators with no other animals that hunt them, except for humans. Killer whales as a species have a sundry diet, although individual population often specialize in particular types of prey. Some feed exclusively on fish, while other hunt marine mammal. Killer whales can be found though out all oceans from the tropical seas to the freezing Arctic and Antarctic. What is Ontology? Ontology is a theory that relates all the related surrounding to show the relations of the information which concern about the existing organisms in the surrounding. It also related to the metaphysics that is a philosophy branch that deals with a principles that is the first and relates all the concepts likes cause, time, space, being and many more. A part from that, ontology is like a mind map to show how the flow of the living or the nature of being. It will relate to each other and makes others more understand the concept of this philosophy. Moreover, a controlled vocabulary must be use in forming the ontology as will show the relation of one word to another. If not, the ontology structure might not give the user understanding and it will be less valuable. It will be shown in queries of information that link with each other. Furthermore, a controlled vocabulary terms is a must as to the show the accurate definitions and facilitate the accurate and consistent information. Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Cetacea Family: Delphinidae Genus: Orcinus Species: Orca Types There are three types of orcas may be recognizable enough to be considered as different subspecies. The three types may differ in genetics, behaviour, morphology, and ecology. A genetic study suggests that these subspecies has been separated from others killer whales for approximately 750,000 years, which evolution cause them to change separately from each other and creating distinctly physical appearance from each other’s. Main Types Residents Killer Whales The most commonly sighted of the three populations. Resident Killer Whales are noticeably different from both transient and offshore forms. The dorsal fin is rounded at the tip and curved and tapering, or falcate. Resident whales have a variety of saddle patch pigmentations with five different patterns recognized. Theyve been sighted from California to Russia. Resident whales primarily eat fish. Resident killer whales in the North Pacific consist of populations Southern residents, Northern residents, Southern Alaska residents, Western Alaska North Pacific residents. Resident type killer whales occur in large social groups termed pods, which are defined to be groups of whales that are seen in association with one another greater than 50% of the time. The pods represent collections of matrilines (a matriarch and all her descendents), which have been found to be the stable social unit. The Southern Resident killer whale population contains three podsJ, K, and L podsconsidered one stock under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and as a distinct population segment (therefore, species) under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Their range during the spring, summer, and fall includes the inland waterways of Puget Sound (Washington state), Strait of Juan de Fuca (boundary between the United States and Canada), and Southern Georgia Strait (between Vancouver Island and British Columbia, Canada). Their occurrence has also been documented in the coastal waters off of, Oregon, central California, and Queen Charlotte Islands. Relatively little is known about the winter movements and range of the Southern Resident stock. Southern Residents have not been observed associating with other resident whales, and genetic data suggest that Southern Residents rarely, if ever, interbreed with other killer whale populations. Transients Killer Whales These subspecies occur throughout the eastern North Pacific, and have primarily been studied in coastal waters. Their geographic range overlaps that of the resident and offshore killer whales. The dorsal fin of transient whales tends to be straighter at the tip than those of resident and offshore whales.6 Saddle patch pigmentation of transient killer whales is restricted to two patterns, and the large areas of black colour dont mix into the white of the saddle patch that is seen in resident and offshore types. Transient type whales are often found in long-term stable social units of less than 10 whales, smaller than resident social groups. Transient killer whales feed nearly exclusively on other marine mammals. Transients are also referred to as Biggs killer whale in honour of Michael Bigg, who was a Canadian marine biologist who is recognized as the founder of modern research on killer whales. The term has become increasingly common and may eventually replace the transient label. Offshores Killer Whales A third population of killer whales in the northeast Pacific was discovered in 1988. They are similar to resident whales, but can be distinguished generally by features such as their rounded fins with multiple nicks on the edge, smaller overall size, and tendency for males and females to be more similar in size (less sexual dimorphism) Offshores have the largest geographic range of any killer whale community in the north-eastern Pacific and often occur 15 km or more offshore, but also visit coastal waters and occasionally enter protected inshore waters. Animals typically congregate in groups of 20-75 animals with occasional sightings of larger groups up to 200 whales. They are presumed to feed primarily on fish, though they have been documented feeding on sharks. Genetic analyses indicate that offshore killer whales are reproductively isolated from other forms of killer whales. Antarctic Type Antarctic (type A) Killer Whale A large (perhaps to 9.5m), black and white form killer whale. It migrate to Antarctica during austral (summer) where it forages in open (ice free) waters and feeds mainly on minke whales and occasionally elephant seals. During the winter, It probably migrates to lower latitudes, perhaps to the tropics. Pack Ice (large type B) Killer Whale A large, two-toned gray and white form with dark cape pattern and very large eye patch. Often have yellowish cast due to diatoms. Circumpolar, it forages mainly in loose pack ice where it preys on ice seals or Weddell seals, which groups wave-wash off ice floes by creating waves with their tails. Occasionally take Minke whales. Gerlache (small type B) Killer Whale A medium sized, two-toned gray and white form with dark cape pattern and large white eye patch. Often appears yellowish due to diatom infestation. Common around Antarctic Peninsula, especially in Gerlache Strait. Preferred prey unknown but has been feeding on penguins on numerous occasions. Ross Sea (type C) Killer Whale The smallest killer whale known. Adults males reach only 6m. A two-toned gray and white form with a dark grey cape, and often colored yellowish by diatom film. Eye patch is distinctively narrow and slanted. Occurs deep in the pack ice im eastern Antarctica and feeds on fish. Especially common in the Ross Sea. Subantarctic (type D) Killer Whale Recently describe form, known from a dozen sightings. Easily recognized by its tiny eye patch, with rounded head, swept back and pointy dorsal fin. Distributed in subantarctic water and sometimes associated with islands. Preferred prey unknown but reportedly steals fish off long-lines. Morphology A typical killer whale distinctively bears a black back, white chest and sides, and a white patch above and behind the eye. Calves are born with a yellowish or orange tint, which fades to white. It has a heavy and robust body with a large dorsal fin up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. Behind the fin, it has a dark grey saddle patch across the back. Antarctic killer whales may have pale grey to nearly white backs. Adult killer whales are very distinctive and are not usually confused with any other sea creature. The killer whales teeth are very strong and covered in enamel. Its jaws are a powerful gripping apparatus, as the upper teeth fall into the gaps between the lower teeth when the mouth is closed. The front teeth are inclined slightly forward and outward, thus allowing the killer whale to withstand powerful jerking movements from its prey while the middle and back teeth hold it firmly in place. Killer whales are the largest extant members of the dolphin family. Males typically range from 6 to 8 metres (20 to 26ft) long and weigh in excess of 6 tonnes (5.9 long tons; 6.6 short tons). Females are smaller, generally ranging from 5 to 7m (16 to 23ft) and weighing about 3 to 4 tonnes (3.0 to 3.9 long tons; 3.3 to 4.4 short tons). Killer whales have good eyesight above and below the water, excellent hearing, and a good sense of touch. They have exceptionally sophisticated echolocation abilities, detecting the location and characteristics of prey and other objects in their environments by emitting clicks and listening for echoes. Life cycle Female orcas mature usually around age 15. Mothers calve, with usually a single offspring, about once every five years after a 17-month pregnancy. In resident pods, births occur at any time of year, although winter is the most common. Mortality is extremely high during the first six to seven months of life, when 37–50% of all calves die. Killer whales are protective of their young, and other adolescent females often assist the mother in caring for them. Females breed until age 40, meaning on average they raise five offspring. The lifespans of wild females average 50 years, with a maximum of 80–90 years. The females are known to go through menopause and live for decades after they have finished breeding. Males sexually mature at the age of 15, but do not typically reproduce until age 21. Wild males live around 29 years on average, with a maximum of 50–60 years. Captive killer whale lifespans are typically significantly shorter, usually less than 25 years; however, numerous individuals are alive in their 30s, and a few have reached their 40s. Range and habitat The killer whale is the most cosmopolitan of all cetaceans and may be the second-most widely-ranging mammal species on the planet, after humans (Rice 1998). Killer whales can be seen in virtually any marine region, from the equator to polar waters. Although they are generally more common in near shore areas and in higher-productivity areas and/or higher latitudes, there appear to be no hard and fast restrictions of water temperature or depth on their range. The distribution extends too many enclosed or partially-enclosed seas, such as the Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, Red Sea, and Persian Gulf. However, there are only extralidmital records from the Baltic Sea and no records from the Black Sea. Killer whales may occur in virtually any marine or estuarine habitat but are most common in areas of high marine productivity, particularly at higher latitudes and near shore (Dahlheim and Heyning 1999; Forney and Wade 2006). Sightings range from the surf zone to the open sea. Movements can be extensive. For instance, some killer whales have been documented to have moved between Alaska and central California, a distance of more than 2000 km. In the Antarctic, they readily enter areas of floe ice in search of prey (Pitman and Ensor 2003). Killer whales in some areas congregate seasonally in coastal channels to forage and occasionally enter river mouths. Population Although the available data are far from complete, abundance estimates for the areas that have been sampled provide a minimum worldwide abundance estimate of about 50,000 killer whales. It is likely that the total abundance is higher, because estimates are not available for many high-latitude areas of the northern hemisphere and for large areas of the South Pacific, South Atlantic, and Indian Ocean. However, this population abundance refers to several forms of killer whales that may be recognized as different species or subspecies in the future (Reeves et al. 2004). Behaviours Social structure Unlike other animals, orcas or killer whales are momentous for their complex societies. Besides human, the only other animals with this complex socials structure are elephants and due to their complexity, many of the marine experts are unease about how humane it is to keep orcas in captive situations. Resident killer whales have a complex yet stable social grouping system. Different from other mammal species, resident live their mother for their entire lives. As females could reach age of 90, they could be as many as four generation traveling together forming matrilineal which is very stable. Individuals sometimes separate for only a few hours at a time for mating or forage. Pods, form from loose aggregations of closely related matrilineal which commonly consist of one to four or five matrilineal. Pods may separate for weeks or months at a time, unlike matrilines. One research shows that DNA testing shows that resident males almost always mate with females from other pods. The next rank of resident socials structure is Clans which composed of pods with same dialect. They often mingling with pods from different clans as the clan ranges overlap. The final rank of relationship is called community. It is interpreted as a set of clans that frequently commingle, although they do not share vocal patterns. Vocalizations Same as other cetaceans, orcas depends heavily on underwater sounds for orientation, feeding and communication. Clicks, whistles and pulsed called are the three categories of sounds they produced. Clicks are believed to be used primarily for navigations and discerning prey and other object in the surrounding environment. It is also commonly heard during social interactions. Dialects Orcas dialects are different between pods due to the similarity of the call differentiate one pod from the other. Dialects are usually generated within the orca’s birth pod. Differences between dialects can be not only between pods but between ecotypes, which are specific populations within a species that have a geographical and genetic variability. Intelligence After the sperm whale, orcas have the second-heaviest brains among marine mammals. They have been trained in captivity and described as intelligent. Orcas also often impersonate others, and seem to intentionally teach skills to their younger pod members. People and marine biologist have interacted closely with orcas numerous times and said that the orcas show playfulness, curiosity, and ability to solve problems. Hunting As apex predators, there is nothing that can stop them from hunting and preying on everything. They will eat anything, but not always willingly. Hunting strategies and prey Salmons The main diet of resident orcas but they will hunt and eat smaller and deeper-dwelling fish if they have to. The favourite of the resident orcas is the Chinooks salmons as it has been observed that it make up 65% of all the salmons consumed. Resident also eats lingcod, halibut, squid and other types of fish. Whales Better known as killer whales, it’s this prey which gave them the notorious name. Orcas have dined on whales in all shape and sizes. They will attack eventually anything even the largest animal in the world, the blue whale. But the common victim to this â€Å"wolves of the sea† is the Minke whale. Other whales documented to be attacked by orcas are Fin, Humpbacks, Grey, Bowhead, Sei and even the fearsome Sperm whales. Orcas also often hunt the fragile whale calf. Individuals of the pods take turn tiring the calf by blocking it form re-surfacing to breath witch will slowing suffocate and eventually drowning the calf, while the other distract the mother. They often will only eat the lips and tongue, and let the whale body to sink. In the far north, belugas and narwhals are also have been preyed upon. Porpoises and dolphins Porpoises are faster swimmer than the orcas making it harder to catch. Hunted by the Transient’s attacks, they cooperate by letting one orca to chase the porpoises to flea directly into the pod. Once caught, the orcas will launch the porpoises out of the water by hitting them with their tails. Once too injured to swim away, the orcas will strip the porpoises down to their bones and lungs. Same technique has been observed to be used on bottlenose dolphins. Orcas also use direct chase to catch the dolphins. Sharks With great intelligent, the orcas have figured out to goes above and beyond other oceans notorious predator, the sharks. There even recorded documentary of the Great White falling victim to a pod of orcas. They use their 5-inch-long teeth to grab hold of the sharks fins and turn it upside down underwater witch cause tonic immobility that leaving the shark to suffocate within minutes as they need to move to breath. After the shark had suffocated, then the orcas would start feeding on it. Sea lions, leopard seals, and penguins Orcas have many techniques to catch these preys. The most dramatic is using the wave as cover to caught prey off guard on the beach. Next technique is â€Å"wave-hunting† where orcas will spy-hop to locate any prey on ice floes, and then swim in groups to create waves that washes the prey off the ice and into the water where other orcas lie to snatch the prey. Another method of hunting for orcas is waiting until the prey come to them. They wait at edges of the ice for unsuspecting prey that want to enter the water or slips and fall into the water.

Duty and Morality in Kant’s Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals :: Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals

This selection is only the first section of Immanuel Kant’s Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. I am only going to discuss duty and morality. Kant gives three propositions regarding duty (p.107). Kant argues that the will that acts from reason is the will guided by duty. The first proposition helps us distinguish which actions have moral worth by differentiating acts that are motivated because of duty and acts that are not. Kant shows the differences using a few examples, the first is a salesman who does not overcharge a customer even if he knows they are inexperienced, but the salesman’s reasoning behind this is that he doesn’t want to tarnish his reputation if he were to get caught overcharging an inexperienced customer. Kant says this is not because of morals, because the salesman was not motivated by duty to treat the customer fairly. The second proposition is â€Å"an action done from duty has its moral worth, not in the purpose that is to be attained by it, but in the maxim according to which the action is determined.†(p.107). This meaning that an action is morally good if the motivating forces behind the decision to make that action are good. The third proposition is a combination of the first two, stated, as â€Å"Duty is the necessity of an action done out of respect for the law.†(p.107). Kant thinks you must respect the law. The law is the only thing â€Å"which can determine the will except objectively the law.†(p.108). So because the law can be objective, even if you are inclined to break it, you should not. Duty and reason often conflict for an individual. An example that Kant uses is lying. When you lie, you expect that other people will believe your lie, you believe this because the universal law is that you should be truthful. In this situation you have expected that the universal law you should live by is to be truthful, but you have also decided that you are going to allow yourself to make an exception to this universal law and lie.

Uganda Essay -- Uganda History, British Colony

Uganda 1. Historical background The country known as Uganda was once a British colony just like the majority of its neighbors in East Africa. It was initially intruded into by the Arab traders led by Speke and the British explorers led by Stanley in 1862 and 1875 respectively. They both paid homage to Mutesa who was the King (kabaka) of the Buganda. Uganda remained predominantly under the colony of the British until 1962 when they were granted internal self government by Britain (History World, 2011). Uganda is a country that covers 7,108 sq mi in area and a host of 33.3 million people found in East Africa. It is bordered by Congo on the West, Kenya on the East, Tanzania and Rwanda on the south and Sudan on the North. It enjoys the equator since it crosses through it and has three major weather areas; the fertile plateau, swampy lowlands and the desert regions. The famous Lake Victoria is found to the southern part of Uganda (The World Factbook, 2011). The topography of the population is such that the life expectancy is 52.9, the growth rate is pegged at 3.5%, the birth rate is 47.5/1000, the infant m ortality rate is 63.7/1000 and the density per sq mi is 392 people (Pearson Education, 2011). According to Encyclopedia of the Nations (2011), the economy of the nations is dependent on agriculture with 80% of the population relying on agriculture for employment and in turn produces 90% o f the export of the country. Uganda also has some deposits of copper, cobalt and the recently discovered oil, however, Uganda just like most of the African countries remain to be among the world’s poorest nations. Health background The Ugandan population is majorly consisting of poor people who live on a dollar or less per... ...es. Some of these are the ritual celebrations and festivals like in marriage rituals, weddings, christenings, birth rituals, death ceremonies and even commitments to the spirits and forefathers. There also rituals and celebrations that accompanied the harvests and even the droughts in order to appease the gods for rain. There are also other official dates that are observed in the calendar that are drawn from the Muslims and the Christians as well and more significantly those meant to celebrate the history of Uganda like the Martyrs’ Day on June 3rd, Heroes Day on June 9th and Independence Day on October 9th among others. Generally, the Ugandans are friendly and welcoming like the other East African countries where all one needs to know to get help is the word ‘Jambo’, in short, it doesn’t take too much energy to get help in the daily social life in Uganda.