Effect of presentation mode on recall of news infromation Essay Example

Impact of introduction mode on review of news infromation Essay A media correlation study was led to think about students review of news data introduced in three unique conditions; to build up which type of medium is best in passing on data. An example of 93 brain science students were given a progression of brutal and peaceful new stories; either sound outwardly, in sound or in print. Following introduction, subjects were tried for signaled review of story content. Huge aftereffect of introduction medium and substance type was found. As anticipated review of data was best in the print and was most noticeably terrible in the sound condition. By and large vicious substance was reviewed better than peaceful substance, particularly in the sound just and print modes. Measurable outcomes show that perusing the news creates a substantially more successful maintenance of data than tuning in or viewing the news. This likewise affirms past discoveries on grown-ups that review of material introduced in print medium is better than that from radio or TV introduction. Along these lines results have suggestions for future introduction of news data It has consistently been a piece of human instinct to acquire data about the world encompassing it and the individuals inside it from a source. Previously, it was frequently family or the congregation (religion) that gave data to the individuals. In present day society, be that as it may, we have different sources that furnish us with the necessary data. The fundamental ones incorporate the radio, paper, magazines and the web; anyway with the wide spread of innovative advances TV has become predominately the principle wellspring of data. In especially when giving individuals information about what is right now occurring on the planet (current undertakings). We will compose a custom paper test on Effect of introduction mode on review of news infromation explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Effect of introduction mode on review of news infromation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Effect of introduction mode on review of news infromation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In general supposition overviews, individuals every now and again guarantee TV as their most significant wellspring of news data. The arrangement of news is likewise viewed as one of the key elements of TV and as one of its significant wellspring of satisfaction for watchers. Notwithstanding the way that numerous individuals guarantee that they allude to TV for quite a bit of their news data, and that they take in a lot from TV releases. Exploration with communicate news has indicated that When subjects are tried following introduction of news announcements content; watchers and audience members every now and again neglect to recall especially from explicit news programs. There are numerous elements that exist in the crowd that can represent the absence of maintenance, for example, consideration, inspiration and foundation information identifying with the news content. As of late, specialists are getting progressively mindful of the different introduction factors that can have critical impact on learning. The principle question that emerges out of this specific exploration is in the case of passing on significant data through TV medium contrasts well or negatively and either print or radio medium. The visual pictures of TV are frequently said to separate TV news from different news media. The photos, shading, and movement help to make TVs depiction of occasions very genuine (Graber, 1988). As Ron Nessen, Press Secretary for President Gerald Ford, once said that Television is reality on the off chance that it hasnt occurred on TV, it hasnt occurred (Gunter, 1987). This component of reality related with TV pictures improves the believability of news reports. Most of people in general has come to depend vigorously on TV as their essential wellspring of news and considers it more convincing than radio, papers, and magazines. In America TV was recognized as a news source by 65% of the populace in an ongoing national overview, contrasted with just 42% who referenced papers, 14% radio, 4% magazines, and 5% others. It was additionally found that if there were clashing reports of a similar story, TV stories would be most accepted by 49% of respondents, though 26% would accept papers, 7% radio, and 5% magazines (Stanley and Niemi, 1990). The capacity to see occasions and to pass judgment on them for oneself through the visual pictures of TV assists with making TV reasonable. Yet, does that imply that TV visuals help individuals to learn and review data introduced better in contrast with different mediums?. As of late scientists have exhibited significant contrasts in the impression of on-screen characters as a component of the channel of correspondence. When looking at gaining from print and TV introduction of a similar material, results have shown that gaining might be better from print. Hence repudiating the publics emotional view that they gain significantly more from TV than print. In William, Paul and Ogilvie (1975) study , TV, radio and print states of introduction were thought about, it was discovered that there was altogether better memory execution for material from TV than from radio, and with radio been essentially superior to print. In any case, a later report, by Wilson (1974) in which these three mediums were looked at it was discovered that maintenance was vastly improved in the print condition than TV or radio. One motivation to clarify the converse of these outcomes might be because of the distinction in the tests utilized by the specialists. In William et al. study they utilized the acknowledgment strategy, while Wilson utilized the free review technique. It is conceivable that free review execution is preferred after a print introduction over TV; this might be on the grounds that perusing requires increasingly intellectual exertion and encourages more prominent profundity of data handling than TV seeing. There are potential points of interest that are picked up when utilizing any of these three media. The significant bit of leeway of utilizing print over TV and radio is that the peruser has the chance to devour news at their own pace, dissimilar to communicated news where the pace of introduction is dictated by makers. Another learning advantage that is thought to exist when data is introduced in print and somewhat in radio is that the peruser or audience can deliver his/her own pictures from the introduced data. Though with watchers at home they are as of now provided with instant pictures, and along these lines they will most likely be unable to experience this subjective preparing while at the same time seeing TV. Extra preparing favorable position of taking in material from print or radio is that they require less engaged consideration contrasted with when seeing TV. Watchers watching TV not just need to concentrate on the picture to comprehend what's going on yet additionally si multaneously take care of the data that is been described. Visual pictures are know to improve memory, however just on the off chance that they are applicable to the message been depicted else they can meddle with learning. Gunter (1979) found that free review was greatly improved for brief feature things when the photos gave it were still pictures. Gunter (1980) likewise found that the nearness of marginally insignificant film backup on TV reports can meddle in a specific way with maintenance of the account content. This proof plainly approves the above point that pictures can meddle with review. Alongside the medium introduction, the idea of story substance may likewise influence learning. Kleinsmith and Kaplan (1964) uncovered that memory might be moderately blocked when the test material is profoundly stirring yet is generally much better for non-stimulating substance. Cohen, Wigand and Harrison revealed that youthful watchers had a superior review for vicious things decided to be enthusiastic than things decided to be unbiased. This plainly uncovers memory for various sorts of story content fluctuates, particularly as per the channel of introduction. As of late Gunter, Furnham and Gieston (1984) investigated memory for the news as an element of the channel of correspondence. The test expected to report the impact of medium introduction and its connection with story type on memory for news material. In the test subjects were given an arrangement of brutal and peaceful reports either sound outwardly, in sound just or in print. Subjects were tried for prompted review of story content following introduction. Results demonstrated that review of story content was best after the print introduction and most noticeably terrible for radio introduction. Savage substance was reviewed better than peaceful substance, and fundamentally so in the sound just and print modes. It was discovered that guys had a higher review level than females; anyway in the current investigation such examination would not be made. The focal point of the current examination is to look at taking in and memory review from TV, print and radio states of introduction, accordingly revealing more insight into the impacts of medium introduction and of its association with story type (savage versus peaceful) on memory for news material. In this manner straightforwardly imitating the analysis of Gunter, Furnham and Gieston (1984). The three unique states of news introduction (TV, radio and print) are the autonomous factors. The needy variable is the memory execution of each condition which was estimated by means of a survey test requiring free review of data introduced. From past discoveries of Gunter, Furnham and Gieston (1984) research set up that memory execution was best after print introduction of the news account, and most exceedingly awful for radio presentati

History of Western Civilization Essay Example for Free

History of Western Civilization Essay Civic establishments of social orders began some time before the occasions Jesus in the Middle East particularly in the old Greek and Roman Empires. In the eighteenth century most European nations followed the suit and experienced changes from pre-industrialized to industrialized countries described by social and financial changes. There were a great deal of mechanical developments which prompted expanded vitality creation and subsequently huge scope creation of most items effortlessly. Industrialization has throughout the years been connected to certain variables which upgrade quick changes for example modest talented work, political steadiness, nearness of crude materials and accessible markets of the items delivered. Mechanical upheaval was knowledgeable about England toward the northwest and the midlands. Individuals used to make their own furnishings, garments and supplies until industrialization took over whereby they could purchase products previously produced using the ventures. History of Western Civilization England experienced a few civic establishments where there was expanded horticultural yield (Agrarian upset) which prompted expanded populace thickness and inevitably prompted the mechanical unrest. New methods were started and permitted ranchers to create more yield than there previously. As time passed machines and different types of gear were created by gifted work force who offered them to the individuals who were spent significant time in horticulture. The business to make machines and other related types of gear blasted and drove development of a class of individuals who worked in the enterprises as they extended. These machines were extremely favorable on the grounds that they subbed the human employment since it didn't include a ton of work and in this way individuals didn't get drained quick. The individuals who worked in the ventures earned more than the individuals who were particular on farming. A large portion of these enterprises were situated in the urban focuses and they would acquire their crude materials from the ranchers in the open country. Industrialization in England prompted various increments in populace prompting less arable land and consequently a portion of the individuals moved to different nations where they presented the new strategies for farming and industry (Landes, 1969). Nonetheless, the greater part of the gifted work force were not permitted to move to the England’s new states with the goal that England would stay predominant in innovative advances. Industrialization in England was portrayed by numerous elements which made this nation to be first to be industrialized. Agrarian, business and cabin transformations extraordinarily upgraded the quick social and monetary changes in this nation prompting a great deal of additional cash which encouraged the improvement of foundation. The ventures spread all over England and Europe and since the quantity of laborers were decreasing because of movement to England states, they brought about taking individuals from the nations that were still not during the time spent social and financial change particularly in Africa and made them to work in their ranches and businesses as slaves. As an ever increasing number of ventures were assembled the private division was likewise changing as cash for extension and setting up of more businesses was required. This prompted the development of banks and other money related foundations which financed all these industrialization exercises. These organizations offered advances to individuals to grow and present more businesses and afterward reimburse later with the benefits acquired. At around this season of industrialization a great many people utilized wood as a wellspring of vitality for the enterprises. The quantity of enterprises expanded immensely and in this way the quantity of trees diminished definitely and made the individuals to consider elective wellspring of vitality. They thought of coal which was utilized in the enterprises as another option and could be even utilized in homes. The coal mineshafts were typically overflowed with water now and again and a strategy for siphoning water out of the mines was developed however the coal would not create power. This technique was not grasped and along these lines coal was not an enduring arrangement and more developments should have been started for example in the material business. Material industry in England was the primary business to be motorized and used fleece which got from huge scope sheep cultivates in the nation. Weaving was generally done in bungalows by gifted individuals after which the yarn was taken to the ventures where it would be made in to garments. Britain by then vanquished numerous settlements where they would develop cotton notwithstanding bringing in cotton and used to substitute the fleece. At around 1773 John Kay presented a machine he named the flying transport which made it workable for an individual to effortlessly weave. In the material business machines that used water for vitality were presented. This hardware could diminish the expense of creation and simultaneously increment the pace of creation. These measures were taken when the expense of creation began to soar lessening the benefits of the dealers and the traders would not like to bring the products costs up in a mission to keep up their clients. Transportation in England was supported by the way that it had numerous streams and common harbors which significantly decreased transportation costs since waterways secured most regions and in this way products could be moved to most pieces of the nation. Trenches were likewise based on waterways which were not normally safe and furthermore encouraged simple transportation of crude materials from ranches in England and from removed provinces and transportation of completed items from the enterprises to the shoppers. Cable car ways which were pulled by ponies were likewise utilized particularly while moving products inland until when trains were made and utilized rather in light of the fact that they generally quicker. Because of the impediment of the street transport a few people chose to get credits from the monetary organizations ton fix them and afterward use cost charges to reimburse the advances. This would likewise guarantee simple transportation of products in zones where the waterways and coastline was far away. Improvement of streets prompted presentation of stage mentors which would ship even individuals starting with one territory then onto the next. Transport was supported with the presentation and improvement of railroad. The primary sort of railroad was wooden and didn't keep going long until when iron plates were put on the wood and the railroad turned out to be increasingly sturdy. Another factor that encouraged quicker industrialization of England is its confinement from the European terrain. This helped this nation to sidestep the wars that were happening right now for example the Napoleon war. They focused more on improvement and industrialization of their nation till the wars were finished. After the war the British exploited offering their items to the next European nations and the Americas at moderately modest costs in this manner making a great deal of benefits. The private area with the administration support additionally helped a ton by offering advances to individuals for development and commencement of new businesses and for the fix of streets which upgraded quicker development of products between places. End Civilization of England from various perspectives has impacted the advanced world with just improvement of the hardware that were made during the time of industrialization. The help from the legislature and relative security of the nation made it to grow much quicker with no concerns of assaults during the war of Napoleon in the terrain. Headways in innovation prompted improvement and development of new vehicle frameworks and foundation which additionally encouraged development of crude materials and completed items to the few goals inside England and different nations. Development in England prompted movement of individuals to the urban focuses where they would have the option to get employments in the urban focuses. This circumstance is the equivalent even in the cutting edge days where particularly youngsters move to the towns and urban communities looking for better occupations in the ventures. References Jackson, S. Western Civilization: A Brief History. fourth Edition. Cengage Learning, 2007. Jacob, F. The Development of Western Civilization : An investigation in Ethical, Economic and Political Kenneth, P. Steven, T. The world that exchange made: society, culture, and the world economy, 1400-the present. second Edition. M. E Sharpe, 1999. Richard, B. Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700-1850. Routledge, 1991. Development. The University of Chicago Press, 1906. Roy, P. David, L. The Cambridge History of Science: Eighteenth-century science. second Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Looking for a few good people COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Looking for a few good people COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If you are interested in making a difference, serving the people of New York, and helping to write the next great chapter in New York’s history; there is an opportunity for you to keep in mind as you plan your career in public service.   The New York State Excelsior Service Fellowship Program brings graduates into government service.   Excelsior Fellows work alongside senor members of the administration and play a policy-influencing role in New York State with the opportunity to work on the most pressing issues of the day. The program is accepting applications for the 2014-2016 class from students who are graduating this academic year (February 2014 or May 2014).       International students are eligible to apply; however, you must have U.S. work authorization for the duration of the fellowship, as the State does not provide employment sponsorship. To apply, students must provide a personal statement (one page or less, describe your interest in public service, referencing academic, professional, and civic experiences that demonstrate such interests.   Additionally, discuss your career goals and how the Excelsior Service Fellowship will contribute to these goals.), resume, graduate school transcript(s), one recommendation letter and submit it to: sipa_ocs@columbia.edu by February 10, 2014.   BACKGROUND This fall, approximately 80 individuals newly graduated from college, graduate and professional schools from across New York State and the nation will begin their service as Excelsior Service Fellows.   The New York State Excelsior Service Fellowship is designed to attract the “best and the brightest,” who are called to a career in public service.   Being an Excelsior Fellow is an honor, privilege and full-time commitment.     Fellows serve in a variety of capacities within such agencies like the Department of Environmental Conservation, the Department of Labor, Housing and Community Renewal, the Department of Financial Services, and the Empire State Development Corporation.   Alternatively, Fellows may be assigned to roles in the Governor’s or Lieutenant Governor’s Office.   Each Fellow, in his or her own way, is making important contributions in building the New New York.   The Fellowship is a two-year program that combines both experiential and professional development opp ortunities designed to nurture and cultivate the next generation of leaders in New York State government.     While not guaranteed, there is the potential for high-performing Fellows to remain in State service at the conclusion of the Fellowship. Each school may select up to seven (7) Fellows for the 2014-2016 class.   Fellows possessing a graduate degree (i.e. MA, MPA, MBA, or JD) will receive an annual salary not to exceed $70,000.   All Fellows are considered State employees and also receive a full benefits package.   The schools will forward their selections to the Center for Recruitment and Public Service.   Upon receipt of Fellowship candidates, the Program Committee will conduct interviews with each candidate to obtain additional information regarding the candidate’s background and interests.   These interviews are an important component in the Program Committee’s assignment determination process.   It is important to note that while we will accept all program nominations from our academic partners, the State will reserve its right to appoint only the most highly qualified nominees. Placements are generally in the Albany area (80%) although some positions may be in New York City and are made based on agency needs.

The Republic By Plato Essay - 1075 Words

The Republic by Plato The Republic written by Plato examines many things. It mainly is about the Good life. Plato seems to believe that the perfect life is led only under perfect conditions which is the perfect society. Within the perfect society there would have to be justice. In the Republic it seems that justice is defined many different ways. In this paper I am going to discuss a few. First I am going to discuss the reason why Glaucon and Adeimantus see justice as being a bad thing and it is better to live a unjust life. Platos elder brother Glaucon argues that the just man is only just because of the fear that he will get caught and punished or the fear of having a bad reputations. He explains this decision in the†¦show more content†¦So it is not justice itself that is recommended, but rather, the respectability that it brings with it. He believes that the son will realize to be just is only worth it if you can get a good reputation. Unless you are truly just the gods will punish you but as we have learned from the poets the gods can be bribed so if you live the unjust life you can bribe the gods to not punish you. If an unjust person fakes a good reputation then he can have a wonderful life. He says live a wonderful life because the unjust man is said to live a better life because he could cheat and live well but a just man has to live with what he has or earn his wealth honestly. Glaucon points of justice as I see them are fake and unclear. He says that if a just person were to have a ma gic ring then he would act as a true unjust person because there is no fear of punishment. If he was a truly a just person then he would not be unjust even if there was no fear of punishment. I define a true just man on his spirit and intentions if he is only being just because of fear of punishment then he is not just nor if he is only being just if he desire a good reputation. A man to be truly just must desire and get his pleasure on living with what he as earned fairly and helping others around him. Glaucon keeps arguing that the unjust man lives a better life because he has the power and the wealth to boss the just man around and bribe the gods soShow MoreRelatedThe Republic By Plato1341 Words   |  6 PagesIn book X of The Republic, Plato uses Socrates as his voice to discuss the topic of poetry in his ideal society. While he sees music and gymnastics as vital parts of society, he sees poetry as something that’s not only unnecessary, but also harmful. Glaucon is surprised by this and questions the reasons Socrates has this way of thinking. Socrates states that â€Å"all such poetry is likely to distort the thought of anyone who hears it, unless he has the knowledge of what it is really like†. Here, SocratesRead MoreThe Republic, By Plato2010 Words   |  9 Pages In The Republic, Plato presents a dialogue of Socrates, in which he seeks to uncover truths about what constitutes a just society, and what kind of men would rule such a society. As such a society w ould require a sound government, Plato, through Socrates, presents five possible types of governments, which involve varying levels of liberty and justice. Although the arguments demonstrate that aristocracy is the ideal form of government, all forms of government have fatal flaws that lead to continualRead MoreThe Republic, By Plato1412 Words   |  6 PagesIn Plato’s book, â€Å"The Republic†, there are many examples of rhetoric. In regards to the controversial topic of women and eugenics in which Plato is almost forced into mentioning because of Adeimantus and Glaucon, he uses various rhetorical statements to portray his view on the matter. His readers believe women should be equal, so Plato attempts to persuade his readers into thinking he believes the same. For example, in the passage on women and family Plato states, â€Å"we shall assign these to each accordingly;Read MoreThe Republic by Plato1645 Words   |  7 Pages In Plato’s Republic Boo k 1, Thrasymachus argues that morality is the advantage of the stronger. To support his view, Thrasymachus first claims that the governments, which are the stronger parties, always pass laws based on their own interest, and then argues that subjects must always obey these laws, therefore morality is the advantage of the stronger. Socrates gives two sets of counter arguments. First, by differentiating apparent advantage and actual advantage to the stronger, SocratesRead MoreThe Republic by Plato1202 Words   |  5 Pagesupon, as explained by Socrates in Plato’s Republic. Throughout the eight books of Socratic dialogue the ideal state and ideas of justice are debated, on both individual and state levels. The guidelines for a perfect state and how it will come about are thoroughly described. Socrates covers every aspect of political life and how it should work stating that â€Å"until power and philosophy entirely coincide†¦ cities will have no rest form evils† . In Plato’s Republic Socrates emphasizes the superiority of theRead MoreThe Republic by Plato1411 Words   |  6 PagesAfter reading The Republic there are three main points that Plato had touched on. The first of these three points is that Plato is disheartened with democracy. It was due to Socrates’ untimely death during Athens’ democracy that led to his perception of the ideal state as referred to in The Republic. Plato perceived that the material greed was one of the many evils of politics; in Plato’s eyes greed was one of the worst evils of political life. Thus economic power must be separated from politicalRead MoreThe Republic, By Plato1250 Words   |  5 Pages In his text, The Republic, Plato leads us through an elaborate thought experiment in which he creates the ideal city. Throughout The Republic Plato constructs the laws and societal structures of what he deems will lead to a high functioning society. He names this city Kallipolis. A cornerst one of Kallipolis’ structure is Plato’s principle of specialization. The Principle of Specialization argues that each member of society must do the job in which he is best suited. Plato explains â€Å"The result,Read MoreThe Republic By Plato1385 Words   |  6 Pages In Book IV of The Republic, written by Plato, Socrates makes an argument for why an individual should strive to be just, or more importantly, why being just is more profitable than being unjust to the individual. The three parts of an individual: rational, spirited, and appetitive, must all strive to pursue truth in the just individual, but it is possible that this requirement may not be met while still profiting the individual. Through an analogy between justice in the city and justiceRead MoreThe Republic, By Plato1500 Words   |  6 PagesThis textual analysis will be based on the book â€Å"The Republic† by Plato, specifically the passage 475d-477a. The purpose of this essay is to analyze and evaluate the main concepts explored in the passage and their relation to the platonic political philosophy presented in â€Å"The Republic†. The essay will provide a summary of the passage, emphasizing the breakthroughs reached in the Socratic dialogue. The main points will then be singled out for a more in-depth review in order to see if the argumentsRead MoreThe Republic, By Plato1255 Words   |  6 Pageswas just beginning to surface as a notable substance within various societies. Athens, was perhaps, the greatest nesting ground of intellectual thought, and it hosted many great minds, such as Plato. While Plato is famous for many of his works, The Republic is the most read and circulated. In the Republic, Plato lays out two philosophical questions through a character named Socrates. Both questions re-occur as the foundation of dialogue amongst other characters, such as Glaucon, Adeimantus, and Polemarchus

The American Civil War - 1258 Words

In 1862, as the tribulation of the American Civil War unraveled, across the ocean an invasion of European vineyards began. Today, as we look out at the vineyards of the lower Rhà ´ne valley and admire their well-ordered appearance of tamed nature, we would not think that this was once a scene of desolation. Yet, in the mid-1860s, vines around Roquemaure, a small town and commune located in the South of France, Rhà ´ne, began to dry up and die. Over a span of 15 years, as an unexplainable plague spread across Europe, almost the entire country of France was phylloxerated.† Withered. Wiped out. Consequences, both economically and socially, for people and organizations around the world were dire. Recovery from this catastrophic episode took†¦show more content†¦Originating from eastern and southern United States, phylloxera lives on native American vines. Developing on mature storage roots, phylloxera disrupts their function, allowing countless secondary fungal pathogens to be introduced. Early signs of a phylloxera infestation include yellowing of leaves and stunting of growth as the leaves lose function. Symptoms will appear within three years, ultimately killing the vines between five to six years depending on the phylloxera genotype. Phylloxera is characterized by having three-jointed antennae, the third of which is the longest, and its overlapping wings resting flat on the back. It belongs to the order of Homoptera, and shares commonalities between two families of that sub-order: the plant-lice and bark-lice. Their lifecycle, from egg to adult, is gradual and complex—one species is known to progress through 21 different phases. Phylloxera adults are all female and reproduce asexually. One adult female is capable of producing 1) 200 eggs per cycle and 2) having several cycles in a lifetime. Multiple alleged sources are credited with the responsibility of the initial spread of Phylloxera. One widely credited source isâ€Å"Count† Agoston Haraszthy. Haraszthy started Buena Vista Winery, one of Sonoma County’s oldest winery, in 1857. He traveled to Europe in 1861, visiting several vineyards throughout France, Germany and Switzerland, unknowingly

The Health Benefits of Chocolate Free Essays

The Health Benefits of Eating Chocolate For centuries, chocolate has been one of the favorite sweet-tasting treat in the world and until not too long ago, also considered unhealthy. Recent studies show that cacao, which chocolate is made, contains potent antioxidants that can actually be beneficial to our health. Cacao is derived from the beans of Theobroma cacao, a tree native to South America (1). We will write a custom essay sample on The Health Benefits of Chocolate or any similar topic only for you Order Now Historically cacao was being used by ancient people with various medicinal purposes such as treatment of inflammations, heart palpitation, and prevention of infections. Cacao is an abundant source of flavonoids, a potential antioxidant, which can be beneficial to one’s health. The benefits greatly depend on the type of chocolate that is consumed and the percentage of cacao bean it has. The higher percentage of cacao, more health is the chocolate. The best chocolate is the darkest, which contains 60 to 70 percentage of cacao and small amount of sugar. Dark chocolate is proven to be good for the heart. A small bar of it every day helps the cardiovascular system run well. In recent study, it has been demonstrated that the flavonoids present in cacao stimulate the production of nitric oxid (NO) which helps the dilatation of the blood vessels allowing the easy blood flow to the heart and brain reducing the blood pressure(2). When blood pressure is lowered, there is a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. Additionally, the flavanoids affect the cholesterol decreasing the bad cholesterol (LDL) in your blood and increasing significantly the good cholesterol (HDL), which cleans and mops up the blood vessels from the harmful fats. Also, dark chocolate improves the body’s ability to use insulin which helps to prevent Type-II diabetes, the type that is caused by the body’s inability to deal with sugar. Cocoa can increase nitric oxide levels to help with insulin-stimulated uptake of blood sugars. The increase in nitric oxide also improves the health of the blood vessels, limiting the damage of diabetes on the small vessels. Like the heart and blood vessels, dark chocolate consumption can be good for the brain. More recently, it was discovered that a compound in dark chocolate, called epicatechin (a flavonoid), may decrease the risk of stroke by increasing cellular signals that shield nerve cells from damage. A stroke is similar to a heart attack, but occurs when the blood supply to your brain becomes blocked or reduced. This can cause your brain cells to begin to die within minutes because it deprives your brain of necessary oxygen and nutrients. Furthermore, dark chocolate contains phenyl ethylamine that stimulates the nervous system giving to people a feeling of pleasure, serotonin, which acts as an anti-depressant which makes you feel good after eating chocolate and theobromine, caffeine and other substances which are stimulants that can increase your mental awareness. Good for the memory, flavanoids, can help boost brain power and memory. The beneficial brain effects appear to result from flavanoids impact on the blood system. In essence, the chemicals stimulate an increase of blood flow to the brain. Chocolate may also prevent or slow the oxidative damage to our body. The antioxidant flavonoid helps protect the skin against sun’s harmful UV rays and pollution, soothes inflammation such as acne, and prevents wrinkles by increasing the blood flow, restoring collagen and improving the appearance of the skin. (3) Also, some studies conducted in Europe, Asia, and North America have found that people who eat a diet rich in flavonoids from chocolate have lower incidents of cancer than those who eat fewer flavonoids. Lastly, dark chocolate can help reduce weight gain in the body. Rich in fiber, dark chocolate can actually help keep you full, so you can resist eating more food than you need. It also can take longer to chew, giving your brain time to get the signal that you have had enough to eat. To Sum up, eating dark chocolate has various health benefits. It contains high concentrations of beneficial flavonoids that may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and certain cancer. However it should be consumed in moderation to receive the full potential of these health benefits. References: 1. Dillinger TL, Barriga P, Escarcega S, et al. Food of the gods: cure for humanity? A cultural history of the medicinal and ritual use of chocolate. J Nutr 2000; 130(suppl):2057SÂ ±2072S 2. http://www. aarp. org/health/medical-research/info-03-2011/dark-chocolate-can-help-lower-your-blood-pressure. html 3. http://www. cnn. com/2006/HEALTH/12/20/health. chocolate/ 4. http://img. pathfinder. gr/clubs/files/4093/6835. pdf 5. http://mydrchocolate. soundconcepts. com/research/rs_rwhateat. htm#cardio 6. http://www. dark-chocolate-antioxidant. com/ 7. http://EzineArticles. com/844267 8. http://mydrchocolate. soundconcepts. com/research/rs_rwhateat. htm#other How to cite The Health Benefits of Chocolate, Papers

Foundations of Research Enquiry in Health Content Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Foundations of Research Enquiry in Health for Content Analysis? Answer: The purpose of critically reviewing journal articles is to develop the ability to understand the articles and review the scientific literature (Kowalski et al., 2014). For carrying out such critical review, there is a necessity to read the article in a proper manner for understanding what the report is about, the person who is reporting and how the subject is being investigated (Jha et al., 2013). It is very much crucial to take into consideration all the details and implications of the research (Elo et al., 2014). Writing a critical review implies that a systematic examination is done, and there is a discussion of all the details of the research. It is vital to comment on both the limitations and strengths of the research while taking a position with other literature for supporting the statements (Polga Thomas, 2013). The present critical review is of a research article using the MSC-554 Guidelines for Reviewing Research Parts I II. Article: Adachi, P., Willoughby, T. (2013). Its Not How Much You Play, but How Much You Enjoy the Game: The Longitudinal Associations Between Adolescents Self-Esteem and the Frequency Versus Enjoyment of Involvement in Sports.J Youth Adolescence,43(1), 137-145. Review: The reason for conducting the research study was to examine the longitudinal association between frequency and enjoyment of involvement of sports and self-esteem of adolescents. Involvement in sports has been identified to be related with positive and constructive youth development in the society for a long time. This includes self-esteem, which makes up an important element of the features of human being that are enhanced by taking part in sports (Marques et al., 2016). Interestingly, the involvement in sports and self-esteem has been taken up for analyzing the impact both have on each other. The frequency of participating in sports has been both longitudinally and concurrently associated with higher self-esteem (Noordstar et al., 2016). There lies a hypothesis that involvement in sports causes higher degree of self-esteem with time. This is considered as a socializing effect. However, no research has been undertaken for testing the fact that higher levels of self-esteem results in more participation in sports, considered as a selection effect (Finez et al., 2012). Another very important aspect of participation in sports having relation with self-esteem is the extent to which youths enjoy taking part in sports and getting actively involved in it (Joseph et al., 2014). However, no research had been conducted previously on this concerned topic in spite of the fact that this aspect draws much attention for analyzing the impact of enjoyment of sports on self-esteem. A gap had therefore been formed in the literature that can throw light on this aspect. The present study was to address such significant gap in the literature. The aims of the research were two-fold. The first aim of the research was to undertake an examination of whether self-esteem can make a prediction of the frequency of involvement in sports with time or whether the frequency of involvement in sports can make a prediction of self-esteem with time. This was done by conducting an examination of the bidirectional association between self-esteem and the frequency of involvement in sports. The second aim of the research was to research on the bidirectional association between self-esteem and the enjoyment of sports with time. For the first goal, it was hypothesized that higher levels of self-esteem would foresee greater frequency of involvement in sports over time. This was the selection effect. There was no explicit hypothesis on the relation between frequency of involvement in sports and prediction of self-esteem. For the second goal, it was hypothesized that enjoyment of sports would be associated with self-esteem. There was no specific hypothesis regarding whether self-esteem would make a prediction of the enjoyment of sports or whether the enjoyment of sports would make a prediction of self-esteem. For addressing the goals, a longitudinal study was undertaken over a period of 4 years on high school students. There was a simultaneous assessment of the selection and socializing hypothesis in the relation between self-esteem and frequency of involvement in sports. The research also studied the bidirectional relationship between self-esteem and enjoyment of sports while controlling for the frequency of involvement in sports. Finally, there was an assessment of whether gender acted as an important moderator of the established results. A longitudinal study is the observational study where data is accumulated for a long period from the same subjects. Such study makes a comparison over time, unlike cross-sectional study, where such comparisons are made a one point of time (Le Cam et al., 2015). As the research aim was to determine the visions and feelings of the participants depending on a variable that requires long time span, that is involvement in sports, the approach of undertaking longitudinal study was best. The advantage of a longitudinal study is that there is a chance of detecting developments and changes in the features of the concerned participants in details (Magnusson, 2015). The study was conducted on 1492 number of students from eight high schools in Ontario, Canada, over a period of 4 years. The mean age was 9 to 13 years, ten months. The special feature of the study was that it was a section of a more extensive cohort-sequential project on youth lifestyle choices. 92.4 % of the participants had birth place Canada. The other ethnic background other than Canadian were French, Italian, German and British. Moreover, 70 % of the participants lived with both parents, 15% with one birth parent, 12% with one biological parent and one step-parent, and the remaining with other guardians. Participants who completed the test at a minimum of 2 points of time out of four times were included. This made up 1472 participants out of the total sample of 1771 youths. 50.8% of the participants were female. Maintaining ethics is an important part of the research (Miller et al., 2012). There are many causes why it is required to obey to ethical rules in conducting research. Ethics endore some values crucial for collaborative work, like trust, accountability and fairness. It also promotes the purpose of the research (Millum Sina, 2014). Many of the rules in ethics ensure that research can be held responsible to the public. The present study followed ethical viewpoint by getting an approval of the research procedure from the University Research Ethics Board. Informed consent from the participants is the most crucial part of following ethics. Active, informed consent was taken from the participants. The parents of the participants were also involved in the process of getting informed assent. Participants were informed that the responses would be confidential. The frequency of involvement in sports was measured with the help of two items based on a 5-point scale. The Enjoyment of Sports was also measured by a 5-point scale. The measurement of self-esteem was done with Rosenbergs Self-Esteem Scale. For assessing longitudinally the selection and socializing hypotheses between self-esteem and the frequency of involvement in sports a 4-wave autoregressive cross-lagged model in AMOS 19 was created. For further eliciting the relationship between self-esteem and sports, a test of bidirectional association between enjoyment of sports and self-esteem was added. For simultaneously assessing the selection and socializing hypothesis between enjoyment of sports and self-esteem while having control over the frequency of involvement in sports, a three wave autoregressive cross-lagged model was created in AMOS 19. Gender also included as a moderator in all the analysis. Higher degree of self-esteem were found to be having relation with greater involvement with sports. However, greater involvement in sports was not found to be having relation with higher levels of self-esteem. This supported only selection effects. When the bidirectional effects between self-esteem and enjoyment of sports were tested, it was found that both socialization and selection held true. On a specific manner, more enjoyment of sports indicated more self-esteem. Higher self-esteem gave the indication of greater enjoyment of sports. Such findings highlighted the fact that adolescents who had higher self-esteem take up sports in a more frequent manner and they also enjoy sports to a greater extent than those who have lower self-esteem. Moreover, the extent to which they enjoy sports are more significant in increasing the levels of self-esteem than the frequency of playing sports. No important differences in the pattern of findings as a function of gender was present. The study had some important limitations. These cropped up from the dependence on self-report measures. The measures of adolescents enjoyment of sports and involvement in sports were limited in several ways. Construct validity is the suitability of inferences made based on observations or measurements (Sheahan et al., 2015). For the present research, it had justified construct validity as the inferences and results could satisfy the research objectives. Internal validity is the estimated truth about inferences in relation to cause-effect relationships (Woodman, 2014). The present research had fulfilled internal validity as it was successful in establishing the cause and effect relation between frequency of taking up sports, higher enjoyment of sports and self-esteem in a clear manner. External validity is the extent to which the results of a study has the potential to be generalized to other people and situations (Mitchell, 2012). For the present research, it had external validity as the results can be generalized to the general population as there was no gender bias and discrimination of ethnicity and research setting. Future research may be carried out on the same concerned topic with some distinct changes. Future studies can benefit from undertaking assessment of the involvement of youth in sports by taking into consideration of how often they play and the period for which they play. In spite of the fact that the measure of adolescents enjoyment of sports possessed a good face validity, more advantage can be gained by using a multi-item measure, like the 8-item scale used by Shaffer and Wittes (Rizer et al. 2016) for future research. This would give the feature of assessing the internal reliability of the measure. Overall, the research study was a significant one that was successful in drawing clear answers to the research questions. The findings signify vital developments in the general conceptualizing of the relation between self-esteem and sports, making the research a reliable one. References Elo, S., Kriinen, M., Kanste, O., Plkki, T., Utriainen, K., Kyngs, H. (2014). Qualitative Content Analysis.SAGE open,4(1), 2158244014522633. Finez, L., Berjot, S., Rosnet, E., Cleveland, C., Tice, D. M. (2012). Trait self-esteem and claimed self-handicapping motives in sports situations.Journal of sports sciences,30(16), 1757-1765. Jha, D. K., Kant, T., Singh, R. K. 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